Introduction to neuroanatomy Flashcards
How many synapses does each cell form
Around 10,000
What are the 2 types of synapses
Chemical or electric
What 2 types of receptors does the nervous system use
Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
What do we do to cells to view them
Harden tissue without destroying its structure (fixative-formaldehyde)
Microtome (section brain tissue into small sections)
Staining techniques
What helps form the blood-brain barrier around the blood vessels
Astrocytes’ end feet
What is a gathering of neuron cell bodies in PNS
Ganglion
What is a cluster of neurons in CNS, usually deep in the brain
Nucleus
What is a nerve
Bundle of long axons in in PNS
What is a tract
Bundle of axons in CNS with a common site of origin and destination
What makes up the CNS
Brain- cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
Spinal cord
What can the cerebrum be split up into
Diencephalon and cerebral hemisphere
What can the cerebral hemisphere be split up into
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus amygdala
What can the diencephalon be split into
Thalamus and hypothalamus
What can the brainstem be split into
Midbrain, pons, medulla
What is grey matter vs white matter
Grey matter- generic collections of neuronal cell bodies in CNS
White matter- tracts of myelinated nerve cells in CNS
How do nerve cells tend ot be grouped
In CNS- clusters or layers, with their associated nerve fibres forming the axon tracts
Who first described the neuron
Purkinje in 1837
Who laid the foundation of our knowledge of cellular organsiation of the brain
Cajal in his studies of the adult and developing nervous system
Provided descriptions of synapses and their proposed function, with detailed drawings
What method did Cajal use to visualise neurons and glia
The Golgi method aka impregnation- place a section of brain in a beaker containing potassium dichromate and silver nitrate, silver chromate precipitates out within the cytoplasm of cells
What other modulatory factors of the nervous system are not recognised in the simple Neuron Doctrine
Gap junctions which modulate cell activation, modulatory receptors on pre-synaptic elements, modulatory action of transmitters/hormones in the local environment which affect neuronal activity
In which direction does conduction take palce
Dendrites to soma to axon terminals
Who from Oxford made a big contribution to neuroanatomical nomenclature
Thomas Willis (1621-1675)
3 vesicle stage of development- what are the 4 sections
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, caudal part of neural tube
Development- what does the forebrain develop into in the 5 vesicle stage
Telencephalon (2 cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon