Introduction to Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What are the four basic morphological types of neurons?

Which is most common?

Which is associated with dorsal root ganglia?

Answer 1

•1 Unipolar
•2 Bipolar
•3 Multipolar
–Most neurons
•4 Pseudounipolar
–Dorsal root ganglia

Question 2

Identify the types of neurons shown.

Answer 2

• 1 Unipolar
• 2 Bipolar
• 3 Multipolar
• 4 Pseudounipolar

Question 3

What does myelin do? How?

Answer 3

Insulates the axon, by blocking ion channels. Enabling saltatory conduction.

Question 4

A unipolary neuron has how many dendrites?

Answer 4

Zero

Question 5

Do humans have many unipolar neurons?

Answer 5

No, they are mostly in invertebrates

Question 6

How are the branches of neurons classified?

Answer 6

Primary, secondary, tertiary, etc

Question 7

How many dendrites do pseudounipolar neurons have?

Answer 7

Zero, but one end of the axon works essentially as a dendrite.

Question 8

What is the myelinating cell of the CNS?

Answer 8

Oligodendrocyte

Question 9

How do Schwann cells do their thing?

Answer 9

Kool-aid man style. Sacrifices self to myelinate target

Question 10

What role does an astrocyte have in the tri-partite synapse?

Answer 10

Essential…

enables the synapse to exist, provides nutrients, mediates neurotransmitter levels, vasculature, etc.

Question 11

What is a quanta of NT?

Answer 11

What ever amount of NT that is released by a neuron in response to an action potential.

Question 12

What is the most prevelant excitatory NT?

Answer 12

Glutamate

Question 13

What are the two main ways glutamate serves as an NT?

Answer 13

Ionotropic

Metabotropic

Question 14

Glutamate is ionotropic for what three receptors?

Answer 14

–AMPA—Na+ influx
–Kainate
–NMDA—Requires depolarization, some Mg2+ and then Na+ and Ca2+ influx in addition to glutamate binding

Question 15

What receptors is glutamate metabotropic for?

Answer 15

MGLURS

Question 16

What is an important clinical correlate for glutamate?

Answer 16

It can be excitotoxic

Question 17

NMDA receptors are currently a hot topic for what two things?

Answer 17

Memory formation and epilepsy

Question 18

What is the most prevalent inhibitory NT?

Answer 18

GABA

Question 19

What happens due to long term use of antiepileptics?

Answer 19

Retardation

Question 20

GABA can act ionotropically or metabotropically. What are the receptors it associates with in each way?

Answer 20

•Ionotropic
–GABA A—Cl- influx

•Metabotropic
–GABA B—GPCR and 2nd messengers
–GIRK channels trigger IPSPs by expelling K+

Question 21

What are two examples of agonists of Ionotropic GABA A receptors?

Answer 21

Benzos

Alcohol

Question 22

Glycine is a NT found all throughout the body, where is it particularly active?

Answer 22

Spinal cord

Question 23

Ach is synthesized from coA and choline with the CHAT enzyme, and degraded by acetyl cholinesterase. What are the ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 23

Ionotropic - Nicotinic (skeletal muscle, primarily found in PNS)

Metabotropic - Muscarinic (mostly in CNS)

Question 24

Where are GABA receptors concentrated on the neuron?

Answer 24

The axon hillock

Question 25

Is glycine inhibitory or excitatory?

Answer 25

Inhibitory

Question 26

All motoneurons use what NT?

Answer 26

Ach

Question 27

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder, what is it against?

Answer 27

Nicotinic receptors

Question 28

What is a treatment target for myastheia gravis?

Answer 28

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 29

Dopamine receptors are metabotropic. What are the excitatory and inhibitory receptors?

Answer 29

»D1 (Excitatory) and D2 (Inhibitory) receptors

Question 30

Dopamine works in two major areas: SUBSTANTIA NIGRA and VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA (VTA). What do each of these do?

Answer 30

»Substantia nigra is involved with basal ganglia circuit and loss of dopamine here is cause of Parkinson’s Disease (Mostly motor component) »VTA involved with both addiction and schizophrenia (Mostly mental part)

Question 31

Where is norepinephrine produced in the pons?

Answer 31

Locus Ceruleus

Question 32

NE is the PNS ________________ NT.

Answer 32

sympathetic

Question 33

What are the two indoleamines?

Answer 33

Serotonin and melatonin

Question 34

Serotonin has at least 7 different receptor subtypes. What is it related to clincially?

Answer 34

Related to depression. Common RX is SSNRI

Question 35

Where is histamine primarily made?

Answer 35

–Predominantly made in the hypothalamus, in the tuberomamillary nucleus (Also from mast cells in brain)

Question 36

Neuropeptides are co-released with other NT's, what are some examples?

Answer 36

Substance P VIP CCK ADH Endorphins

Question 37

Adenosine is co-released with glutamate, what is it's function generally? What is an antagonist? What are the receptors types?

Answer 37

–Tends to be more sedative –Antagonist is caffeine –Receptors are GPCRs

Question 38

NO is a gaseous NT, that diffuses quickly across and between cells, traveling in many directions. When is it synthesized?

Answer 38

Immediately before use

Question 39

What are two important components of an electrical synapse?

Answer 39

Connexon and connexin

Question 40

What is a tract?

Answer 40

•axons clustered in the central nervous system

Question 41

What are axons clustered and ensheathed in the peripheral nervous system called?

Answer 41

Nerves

Question 42

Nissl body stains rough ER—what part of neuron are we looking at?

Answer 42

Purple areas are grey matter (collections of cell bodies)

Question 43

What is the black portion? Stain type?

Answer 43

Silver stain. White matter

Question 44

Describe the continuous division of neurons.

Answer 44

***They do not continually divide***

Question 45

What are the intermediate filaments of the nervous system?

Answer 45

Neurofilaments

Question 46

Microtubules provide anterograde and retrograde transport. Where do they sit?

Answer 46

The axon terminal, from where they extend via an axon growth cone which determines the path of growth.

Question 47

How do manufactured products of the neuron get from the cell body to the axon terminal?

Answer 47

Axonal transport via kinesin (anterograde) and dynein (retrograde)

Question 48

What functions does anterograde axonal transport serve?

Answer 48

•Sending materials, nutrients from the cell body down to the axon terminal (anterograde) –Synthesis of some neurotransmitters, synthesis of vesicles

Question 49

Neurotrophins help nerve growth and migration through what kind of transport?

Answer 49

retrograde transport

Question 50

Retrograde transport is important for what?

Answer 50

–Recycling of released materials –Growth factors

Question 51

# Define these terms * Sulcus = * Fissure = * Gyrus = * Pole = * Notch = * Allocortex = * Neocortex =

Answer 51

* Sulcus = groove * Fissure = a really big groove * Gyrus = Ridge * Pole = the end * Notch = an angular cut * Allocortex = older, less-developed cortex of olfactory system and hippocampus (3-4 layers) * Neocortex = more recent cortex with 6 layers

Question 52

The neocortex can be divided into what 5 lobes?

Answer 52

–Frontal –Parietal –Temporal –Occipital –Limbic

Question 53

What divides the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 53

•Central Sulcus –Sulcus of Rolando •Lateral Sulcus –Sylvian Fissure •Parietooccipital Sulcus •Cingulate Sulcus •Preoccipital Notch

Question 54

What is the easiest sulcus to find?

Answer 54

Lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure)

Question 55

What does the cingulate sulcus divide?

Answer 55

The limbic from the other lobes

Question 56

What are the four major gyri of the frontal lobe?

Answer 56

* Precentral gyrus * Superior gyrus * Middle gyrus * Inferior gyrus

Question 57

What is the precentral gyrus involved in?

Answer 57

* Primary Motor Cortex (voluntary motor control) * Premotor and Supplementary Motor Cortex (motor planning)

Question 58

What is the superior gyrus involved in?

Answer 58

•Frontal eye fields (eye tracking)

Question 59

What are the two subcomponents of the Inferior gyrus?

Answer 59

–Orbitofrontal cortex •Gyrus rectus

Question 60

Where is Broca's area nearly always located?

Answer 60

Left temporal

Question 61

What is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

Answer 61

•Executive function, decision-making

Question 62

What area is damaged here?

Answer 62

Broca's area

Question 63

What is the parietal lobe divided into?

Answer 63

* Superior lobule * Inferior lobule * Precuneus

Question 64

What are the two portions of the inferior parietal lobule?

Answer 64

–Supramarginal gyrus –Angular gyrus

Question 65

What are the main associations of the parietal lobe?

Answer 65

* Primary somatosensory cortex (somato-sensation) * Language comprehension (around border with temp., frontal) * Spatial orientation and perception * Hugely important in vision - information regarding movement of objects

Question 66

What are the components of the temporal lobe?

Answer 66

* Superior * Middle * Inferior * Fusiform

Question 67

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 67

Superior temporal lobe

Question 68

What are the two portions of the superior temporal lobe?

Answer 68

* Primary auditory cortex * Wernicke’s Area (understanding speech)

Question 69

What part of your temporal lobe is lighting up right now?

Answer 69

Fusiform

Question 70

Wernike's aphasia presents as? Where is Wernicke's area?

Answer 70

Word salad, not forming words in mind. Feels like they are making sense. Left temporal lobe

Question 71

Where is the primary visual cortex found?

Answer 71

Cuneus

Question 72

What is your inferior visual field related to in the occipital lobe?

Answer 72

Cuneus

Question 73

what is the superior visual field associated with in the occipital lobe?

Answer 73

Lingual gyrus

Question 74

What is V2?

Answer 74

Visual Association cortex. Also called area 18

Question 75

What is V1?

Answer 75

Primary visual cortex, AKA Area 17

Question 76

The occipital pole is responsible for vision where?

Answer 76

The fovea