Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Introduction to Nervous System > Flashcards

Introduction to Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the CNS?

A

brain, spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What constitutes the PNS?

A

nerves in body, cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Divisions of PNS?

A 
Sensory division  (somatic and autonomic)
(5 senses, pressure sensing in brain, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors)

Motor division = somatic division (spinal nerve/cranial nerves) or autonomic division (sympathetic - spinal nerves only) and (parasympathetic division - spinal and cranial nerves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the somatic PNS do?

A

control motor and sensory function for body wall (skin, skeletal muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the autonomic PNS do?

A

aka visceral PNS

regulates function of viscera (internal organs, smooth muscle, pupils, sweating, blood vessels, bladder, intestine, glands, heart contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the sympathetic NS?

A

fight or flight response

increase HR, dilate pupils, increase blood flow to muscles, inhibit digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the parasympathetic NS?

A

rest and digest response
can counteract sympathetic (decrease HR, stimulate digestion)
more discrete anatomy largely controlled by cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two directions of impulse flow?

A 
sensory = afferent
motor = efferent

EFFERENT = EXIT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the importance of afferent/efferent flow?

A

understand flow of information through brain

E.g. body responds to changing BP by changing vascular tone
baroreceptors in aorta sense pressure in vessel, sends afferent impulse to hypothalamus that sends an efferent motor response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Frontal lobe?

A

from front of brain to central sulcus

personality/conscious decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parietal lobe?

A

behind frontal lobe
contains somatosensory cortex
sensory info from somatic PNS comes here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Occipital lobe?

A

at back of brain

vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Temporal lobe?

A

one either side of brain
primary auditory cortex
personality (fear, anxiety, food behaviour at amygdala)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cerebellum?

A

fine motor skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Brain stem?

A

centres vital for life here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of cortex folds?

A

to pack neurones into confines of skull (high SA)
sulcus - valley
gyrus - ridge, folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Corpus callosum?

A

fibrous tract that allows communication between two hemispheres of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

control face and neck
vagus nerve has both afferent and efferent pathways
O O O To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Such Heaven

Olfactory I
Optic II
Oculomotor III
Trochlear IV
Trigeminal V
Abducens VI 
Facial VII
Vestibulocochlear VIII
Glossopharyngeal IX
Vagus X
Accessory XI
Hypoglossal XII
19
Q

What 3 layers protect the brain?

A 
meninges - connective tissue layers to protect and supply of blood vessels
dura mater (outer and inner)
arachnoid
pia mater 
(superficially to deeply)
20
Q

What two PNS roots emerge from the spinal cord?

A

ventral horn - efferent (from spinal cord to body)

dorsal horn - afferent (from peripheries and reflex at spinal cord or to brain)

21
Q

Where does the CNS end?

A

at the margins of the spinal cord

22
Q

How to distinguish between ventral and dorsal root?

A

dorsal root ganglia (collection of sensory neurone cell bodies)

23
Q

What is the structure of a nerve?

A

Spinal nerves contain afferent and efferent axons bundled into fascicles surrounded by perineurium

whole nerve in tough epineurium capsule

individual axons myelinated and wrapped in endoneurium (or if no myelin = nociceptive (pain) )

24
Q

What is resting membrane potential for neurone?

A

-70mV

25
Q

Process of action potential

A

Release of NT cause depolarisation - influx of Na+
via VCSCs
At +40mV, VGPC open and K+ moves out - repolarisation
Hyperpolarisation - rebalance two ions

26
Q

Diameter of synaptic cleft

A

10nm

27
Q

Synaptic transmission?

A

Action potential causes release of NT filled vesicles across synaptic cleft
NT bind to receptors on post-synaptic neurone

28
Q

How to tell if it is a presynaptic neurone?

A

lots of NT filled vesicles

29
Q

What other cells are in the brain?

A 
glia cells (50% of all cells in brain)
- astrocytes form blood brain barrier, wrap podocytes around blood vessels to form junctions to seal blood brain barrier, mop up NT from synapse, sense chemicals in blood and move to synapse

microglia - phagocytes of brain (immune cells)

oligodendrocytes - myelin producing cells of CNS

30
Q

What are myelin producing cells of PNS?

A

Schwann cells

31
Q

Difference in regenerative capacity between CNS and PNS?

A

PNS axons can regenerate after injury

  • injury stimulates phagocytes to remove debris inhibiting regrowth
  • not complete regeneration

CNS axons are limited

  • glia inhibit regeneration
  • glial scars form in place of injured brain tissue
  • absence of guidance cues to stimulate axon growth
32
Q

How is PNS axon regeneration compromised?

A

by abnormal axons sprouting and non-specific target reinnervation

this may cause neuropathic pain

33
Q

First pathway in involved in sensory perception?

What type specifically?

A

dorsal column/mediated lemniscus pathway

fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination

34
Q

How does sensory pathway work for stubbed toe?

A
  • nociceptors in toe enter spinal cord grey matter
  • axons of these neurones travel up spinal cord to brainstem (medulla)
  • here side of control switches (to contralateral side, not ipsilateral) and second axon sent to thalamus then to primary somatosensory cortex
35
Q

What is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

receives all sensory information from body

36
Q

What sensory pathway conveys pain and temperature sensation?

A

spinothalamic pathway

37
Q

What does damage to dorsal column do?

A

still feel pain and temp in affected limb if spinothalamic pathway intact

38
Q

Difference between both pathways?

A
  • dorsal column pathway enters spinal column on same side and switched at brainstem
  • spinothalamic pathway immediately goes to other side of body
39
Q

What is the first motor pathway?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

40
Q

Where do motor pathways originate from?

A

pre central gyrus (motor cortex) and go down via brain steam and jump to other side and go down spinal column

41
Q

What is the second motor pathways for orientation and balance?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

Ipsilateral

42
Q

If one side of body is working what is likely to be the case?

A

Damage not to entire somatosensory cortex

43
Q

What tells if an injury is not peripheral?

A

if reflex activity intact and arm and leg affected

44
Q

Why would a injury be unlikely to be spinal cord injury?

A

only one side affected

Neuroscience (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions