Introduction to Neoplasia

Question 1

Benefits of PSA screening

Answer 1

Simple, reproducible
More Sn and Sp than DRE alone
Early diagnosis and treatment may increase survival/progression
Low cost
Better for monitoring

Question 2

Risks of PSA screening

Answer 2

False positives and negatives

Side effects of treatment may be unnecessary if cancer does not affect life expectancy

Question 3

What is the gold standard for prostate cancer diagnosis?

Answer 3

Needle biopsy

Guided by a transrectal ultrasound

Question 4

TMN cancer staging

Answer 4

T: tumor (based on size/location/depth)
N: nodal involvement
M: metastasis (as soon as there are any M it is a stage 4)

Question 5

Regional node metastases

Answer 5

Nodes in the neighbourhood, would usually be removed with primary at time of surgery
The lymph nodes that are directly draining the tissue where the malignancy is found

Question 6

What is the most common surgery for prostate cancer?

Answer 6

Radical prostatectomy

Question 7

Brachytherapy

Answer 7

Internal radiation therapy
Radioactive material is placed right into or adjacent to the tumor
Can be temporary or permanent
Alone its used mainly for low-risk and intermediate-risk prostate cancer
Can combine with external beam radiation for high risk prostate cancer

Question 8

Androgen deprivation therapy side effects

Answer 8

Hot flashes, loss of libido, fatigue, weight gain, loss of muscle mass, gynecomastia, osteoporosis, increased CV disease, depression

Question 9

Castration resistant prostate cancer

Answer 9

Prostate cancer that becomes refractory to ADT

Usually occurs withint 12-18 mon