Introduction to MSK ultrasound Flashcards
Why is ultrasound beneficial?
Inexpensive Fast Effective No radiation Good for soft tissue and bony cortex Dynamic
what are indications for MSK sonography 1
Pain, swelling
what are indications for MSK sonography 2
Trauma
what are indications for MSK sonography 3
Decreased range of motion, lost mobility
what are indications for MSK sonography 4
Evaluation of soft tissue masses
what are indications for MSK sonography 5
Weakness, instability, tingling, numbness, neurological issues
what are indications for MSK sonography 6
Foreign body identification/location
what are indications for MSK sonography 7
Post operative monitoring
MSK sonography can easily identify what?
Small, undisplaced rib fractures
what type of transducer is used with ultrasound
High frequency transducer
Long Axis
Along fibers
Short axis
Across Fibers
Small Footprint Linear
ideal for imaging the hand, ankle and foot given the contours of the body part
Heel-Toe
Transducer is rocked or angled along the long axis of the transducer
Toggle
Transducer is rocked or angled side to side
Translate
Transducer is moved to a new location
Sweep
Used when the transducer is slid from side to side
How many basic steps of MSK ultrasound
three
Step number one of MSK ultrasound
Image the structure of interest in the long axis and short axis
Step number two of MSK ultrasound
Eliminate artifacts (anisotrophy)
Step number three of MSK ultrasound
Characterization of pathology
High frequency transducers
Best for superficial structures
Normal tendons appearance
hyperechoic with fiber like (fibrillar) echotexture
Linear Fibrillar echoes
Endotendineum septa (contain connective tissue, elastic fibers, nerve endings, blood and lymph vessels)
When are continuous tendon fibers best appreciated?
When they are imaged long axis to the tendon
Short axis tendon fibers
Normal hyperechoic tendon fibers appear as bristles of a brush seen on end
what is hypoechoic muscle tissue separated by?
fine hyperechoic fibroadipose septa
what is fine hyperechoic fibroadipose septa also known as
Perimysium (Surrounds bundles of hypoechoic muscle bundles)
Surface of bone
Very hyperechoic with posterior acoustic shadowing and posterior reverberation
Hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface of bone
Hypoechoic and uniform
Fibrocartilage
Hyperechoic
Ligaments
Hyperechoic, striated appearance (More compact compared to tendons)
when are ligaments identified
Connect two osseous structures
Normal peripheral nerves
Fascicular appearance in which the individual nerve fascicles are hypoechoic surrounded by the hyperechoic connective tissue epineurium
Hyperechoic fat is seen where
typically seen around larger peripheral nerves
what is the appearances of nerves in short axis
Honeycomb or speckled appearance
what occurs with peripheral nerves
Mixed hyperechoic and hypoechoic echotexture, therefore their appearance changes relative to the adjacent tissues
Epidermis and dermis
Hyperechoic
Hypodermis
Hypoechoic fat and hyperechoic fibrous septa
what are the three kinds of joints
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, synovial
immovable joints
Synarthrosis
slightly moveable
Amphiarthrosis
widely movable
Synovial
Sutures
most common in Skulls
Completely immovable
Types of synarthrosis joints
Sutures
Gomphosis
Synchondrosis
Synostosis
