Introduction to Molecular Biology Flashcards
are macromolecules that exists
as polymers called polynucleotides.
a.Nucleic acids
b.Nucleoside
c.Nucleotide
Nucleic acids
C-2’ ribose contains a
a. hydroxyl (-OH) group
b.hydrogen (-H) atom
hydroxyl (-OH) group
Nitrogenous base is attached to the pentose
sugar thru
Glycosidic bond
The addition of a phosphate group to a
nucleoside thru a phosphoester bond is called
a.Nucleic acids
b.Nucleoside
c.Nucleotide
6-member single ring;
CUT
Pyrimidine
9-member double ring;
AG
Purine
Nucleotides are linked together by
a.phosphodiester bonds between 3’- and 5’-
hydroxyl groups
b.phosphoester bonds between 5’- and 3’-
hydroxyl groups
c.a Glycosidic bond between the C1’ of sugar and N-9
phosphodiester bonds between 5’- and 3’-
hydroxyl groups
Central Dogma
a.James Watson
b.Friedrich Sanger
c.Francis Crick
d.Paul Berg
Francis Crick
Two polynucleotide chains are held
together by dihydrogen bonding between
two nitrogenous bases on the inside,
known as base pairing. TRUE OR FALSE
False should be hydrogen bond
Nitrogenous bases are on the inside of
double helix, perpendicular to the axis of
helix, and are stacked above one another
around the axis like a straight staircase. true or false
false should be spiral staircase
distance between
adjacent nucleotides
a. 34A
b.3.4A
c.30.4A
3.4A
number of base pair per turn is the
average of?
10
If >10bp, it is said to be
overwound
<10bp is said to be
underwound
Minor groove: the distance between
two strands is
12A
Major groove: the distance between
two strands is
22A
o Right-handed (clockwise turn)
o Inside diameter of the sugarphosphate backbone is 11 Å
o Outside diameter of the helix is
20Å.
o Length of one complete turn is 34
Å and contains 10 bp
o Most common form in vivo and in
vitro
B-DNA
Right-handed
o Shorter and thicker than B-DNA
o Each repeat double helix is 24.6 Å
and contains 11 bp
o Major groove is deep and narrow,
while the minor groove is shallow
and broad
o Observed when DNA is dehydrated
or under high salt conditions
o Can be found in DNA-RNA hybrids
A-DNA
FORM OF RNA
transport amino acid to site of proteins synthesis
transfer rna
Form of RNA that combines with proteins to from ribosome
ribosomal rna
Form of rna that directs amino acid sequence of protein
messenger rna
form of rna that process initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes
small nuclear rna
affects gene expression type of rna
micro rna
form of rna that silnce specific genes
long coding rna
acts as miRNA sponge
circular rna
base pair the two
strands together
Renaturation
The ability of double-stranded DNA to
separate into two strands
Denaturation
The midpoint of temperature range
over which the DNA strands are half
denatured
Melting temperature
The amount of denatured DNA is measured
by increase in absorbance at
260nm
Hydrogen bonds can be disrupted by high
temperature, low salt concentration, or high
pH in vitro. true or false
true
Secondary Structure of DNA that Usually occur at tandem repeats and
are usually found upstream of
regulatory sequences in vitro
Slipped structures
Secondary Structure of DNA that Paired stem-loop formations
Cruciform structures
Secondary Structure of DNA Occurs at purine-pyrimidine stretches
in DNA and is favored by sequences
containing a mirror repeat symmetry
Triplex helix
RNA helix adopts a right-handed type. true or false
true
Secondary Structures of rna
Bulges
Stems
Single-stranded
hairpins/internal loops,
junctions
Noncanonical base pairs of rna
GU wobble
sheared GA pair
GA imino pair
Circular DNA (those without 5’ or 3’ end)
such as prokaryotic DNA, forms a
supercoil
Each complete turn of helix is
34Å long
The double helix has a diameter of
20Å
Based on Chargaff’s Rules; The amount of adenine (A) residues is
proportional to the amount of thymine (T)
residues in DNA. Also, the amount of
guanine (G) residues is proportional to
the amount of cytosine (C). TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Based on Chargaff’s Rules; The sum of the purines is not equal to the sum
of pyrimidine. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Based on Chargaff’s Rules; The percentage of (G+C) is
necessarily equal the percentage of
(A+T) TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
it is placed on
the outside of double helix and carries the
negative charges on the phosphate
group.
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Gregor Mendel – Laws of Inheritance
a. 1848
b. 1859
c. 1865
d. 1869
1865
Wilhelm Hofmeister – Chromosome
a. 1848
b. 1859
c. 1865
d. 1869
1848
Friedrich Miescher – discovers DNA, naming it
“Nucleic Acid”
a. 1848
b. 1859
c. 1865
d. 1869
1869
Charles Darwin – “On the Origin of Species”
a. 1848
b. 1859
c. 1865
d. 1869
1859
coined the term “Mutation”
a.Archibald Garrod
b.Walter Sutton
c.Hugo Marie de Vries
d.Alfred Sturtevant
Hugo Marie de Vries
demonstrated that genes are
carried on chromosomes
a.Archibald Garrod
b.Walter Sutton
c.Hugo Marie de Vries
d.Alfred Sturtevant
e.Thomas Morgan
Thomas Morgan
Frederic Bawden – Viral RNA
a.1928
b.1933
c.1937
1937
other name for nucleic acid coined by friedrich meischer
nuclein
any alteration in the genome
mutation
first genetic
disease
alkaptonuria
diseases with the problem on the homogentisic acid
alkaptonuria
bond between nitrogenous base and sugar
glycosidic bond
bond between phosphate group and sugar
phosphodiester bond
type of nucleotide serves as fuel in body
adenosine triphosphate
function of DNA
stores genomic info
function of RNA
translate protein
orientation of dna 1st strand
5 -3 prime
orientation of dna 2nd strand
3-5 prime
how many hydrogen bond between adenine and thymine
2
major groove and non canonical base pairs binds with regulatory proteins. true or false
true
Usually occur at tandem repeats
slipped structures
Found in vitro for many inverted
repeats
Cruciform structures
Found in vitro for many inverted
repeats
cruciform structure
who discovered transposable elements
barbara mcclintock
who discovered 1st complete sequence protein which is insulin
friedrich sanger
