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Molecular Biology Prelims > Introduction to Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Introduction to Molecular Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

are macromolecules that exists
as polymers called polynucleotides.

a.Nucleic acids
b.Nucleoside
c.Nucleotide

A

Nucleic acids

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2
Q

C-2’ ribose contains a

a. hydroxyl (-OH) group
b.hydrogen (-H) atom

A

hydroxyl (-OH) group

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3
Q

Nitrogenous base is attached to the pentose
sugar thru

A

Glycosidic bond

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4
Q

The addition of a phosphate group to a
nucleoside thru a phosphoester bond is called

A

a.Nucleic acids
b.Nucleoside
c.Nucleotide

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5
Q

6-member single ring;
CUT

A

Pyrimidine

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6
Q

9-member double ring;
AG

A

Purine

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7
Q

Nucleotides are linked together by

a.phosphodiester bonds between 3’- and 5’-
hydroxyl groups
b.phosphoester bonds between 5’- and 3’-
hydroxyl groups
c.a Glycosidic bond between the C1’ of sugar and N-9

A

phosphodiester bonds between 5’- and 3’-
hydroxyl groups

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8
Q

Central Dogma

a.James Watson
b.Friedrich Sanger
c.Francis Crick
d.Paul Berg

A

Francis Crick

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9
Q

Two polynucleotide chains are held
together by dihydrogen bonding between
two nitrogenous bases on the inside,
known as base pairing. TRUE OR FALSE

A

False should be hydrogen bond

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10
Q

Nitrogenous bases are on the inside of
double helix, perpendicular to the axis of
helix, and are stacked above one another
around the axis like a straight staircase. true or false

A

false should be spiral staircase

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11
Q

distance between
adjacent nucleotides

a. 34A
b.3.4A
c.30.4A

A

3.4A

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12
Q

number of base pair per turn is the
average of?

A

10

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13
Q

If >10bp, it is said to be

A

overwound

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14
Q

<10bp is said to be

A

underwound

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15
Q

Minor groove: the distance between
two strands is

A

12A

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16
Q

Major groove: the distance between
two strands is

A

22A

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17
Q

o Right-handed (clockwise turn)
o Inside diameter of the sugarphosphate backbone is 11 Å
o Outside diameter of the helix is
20Å.
o Length of one complete turn is 34
Å and contains 10 bp
o Most common form in vivo and in
vitro

A

B-DNA

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18
Q

Right-handed
o Shorter and thicker than B-DNA
o Each repeat double helix is 24.6 Å
and contains 11 bp
o Major groove is deep and narrow,
while the minor groove is shallow
and broad
o Observed when DNA is dehydrated
or under high salt conditions
o Can be found in DNA-RNA hybrids

A

A-DNA

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19
Q

FORM OF RNA
transport amino acid to site of proteins synthesis

A

transfer rna

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20
Q

Form of RNA that combines with proteins to from ribosome

A

ribosomal rna

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21
Q

Form of rna that directs amino acid sequence of protein

A

messenger rna

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22
Q

form of rna that process initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes

A

small nuclear rna

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23
Q

affects gene expression type of rna

A

micro rna

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24
Q

form of rna that silnce specific genes

A

long coding rna

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25
Q

acts as miRNA sponge

A

circular rna

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26
Q

base pair the two
strands together

A

Renaturation

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27
Q

The ability of double-stranded DNA to
separate into two strands

A

Denaturation

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28
Q

The midpoint of temperature range
over which the DNA strands are half
denatured

A

Melting temperature

29
Q

The amount of denatured DNA is measured
by increase in absorbance at

A

260nm

30
Q

Hydrogen bonds can be disrupted by high
temperature, low salt concentration, or high
pH in vitro. true or false

A

true

31
Q

Secondary Structure of DNA that Usually occur at tandem repeats and
are usually found upstream of
regulatory sequences in vitro

A

Slipped structures

32
Q

Secondary Structure of DNA that Paired stem-loop formations

A

Cruciform structures

33
Q

Secondary Structure of DNA Occurs at purine-pyrimidine stretches
in DNA and is favored by sequences
containing a mirror repeat symmetry

A

Triplex helix

34
Q

RNA helix adopts a right-handed type. true or false

A

true

35
Q

Secondary Structures of rna

A

Bulges
Stems
Single-stranded
hairpins/internal loops,
junctions

36
Q

Noncanonical base pairs of rna

A

GU wobble
sheared GA pair
GA imino pair

37
Q

Circular DNA (those without 5’ or 3’ end)
such as prokaryotic DNA, forms a

A

supercoil

38
Q

Each complete turn of helix is

A

34Å long

39
Q

The double helix has a diameter of

A

20Å

40
Q

Based on Chargaff’s Rules; The amount of adenine (A) residues is
proportional to the amount of thymine (T)
residues in DNA. Also, the amount of
guanine (G) residues is proportional to
the amount of cytosine (C). TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

41
Q

Based on Chargaff’s Rules; The sum of the purines is not equal to the sum
of pyrimidine. TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

42
Q

Based on Chargaff’s Rules; The percentage of (G+C) is
necessarily equal the percentage of
(A+T) TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

43
Q

it is placed on
the outside of double helix and carries the
negative charges on the phosphate
group.

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone

44
Q

Gregor Mendel – Laws of Inheritance

a. 1848
b. 1859
c. 1865
d. 1869

A

1865

45
Q

Wilhelm Hofmeister – Chromosome
a. 1848
b. 1859
c. 1865
d. 1869

A

1848

46
Q

Friedrich Miescher – discovers DNA, naming it
“Nucleic Acid”
a. 1848
b. 1859
c. 1865
d. 1869

A

1869

47
Q

Charles Darwin – “On the Origin of Species”
a. 1848
b. 1859
c. 1865
d. 1869

A

1859

48
Q

coined the term “Mutation”

a.Archibald Garrod
b.Walter Sutton
c.Hugo Marie de Vries
d.Alfred Sturtevant

A

Hugo Marie de Vries

49
Q

demonstrated that genes are
carried on chromosomes

a.Archibald Garrod
b.Walter Sutton
c.Hugo Marie de Vries
d.Alfred Sturtevant
e.Thomas Morgan

A

Thomas Morgan

50
Q

Frederic Bawden – Viral RNA
a.1928
b.1933
c.1937

A

1937

51
Q

other name for nucleic acid coined by friedrich meischer

A

nuclein

52
Q

any alteration in the genome

A

mutation

53
Q

first genetic
disease

A

alkaptonuria

54
Q

diseases with the problem on the homogentisic acid

A

alkaptonuria

55
Q

bond between nitrogenous base and sugar

A

glycosidic bond

56
Q

bond between phosphate group and sugar

A

phosphodiester bond

57
Q

type of nucleotide serves as fuel in body

A

adenosine triphosphate

58
Q

function of DNA

A

stores genomic info

59
Q

function of RNA

A

translate protein

60
Q

orientation of dna 1st strand

A

5 -3 prime

61
Q

orientation of dna 2nd strand

A

3-5 prime

62
Q

how many hydrogen bond between adenine and thymine

A

2

63
Q

major groove and non canonical base pairs binds with regulatory proteins. true or false

A

true

64
Q

Usually occur at tandem repeats

A

slipped structures

65
Q

Found in vitro for many inverted
repeats

A

Cruciform structures

66
Q

Found in vitro for many inverted
repeats

A

cruciform structure

67
Q

who discovered transposable elements

A

barbara mcclintock

68
Q

who discovered 1st complete sequence protein which is insulin

A

friedrich sanger

Molecular Biology Prelims (9 decks)

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