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Microbiology > Introduction To Microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction To Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology and micro-organism

A
  • study of micro-organisms

- small living creatures not visible to the naked eye

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2
Q

Evidence of microbes

A
  • viewed in labs via microscopes and seen growing on cultures
  • we see their effect ( molding on food , infections )
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3
Q

The 5 kingdoms of life

A 
Animalia
Plantae 
Protista 
Prokaryotes 
Fungi
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4
Q

Classification of microbes

A 
1 Fungi - Fungi
2 Small animals ( helminths and arthropods ) - Animalia
3 Bacteria and archaea - Prokaryotes 
4 Algae - Protista 
5 Protozoa - Protista 
6 Viruses *
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5
Q

Resilience and occurrence of microbes

A
  • microbes found everywhere and environments are teeming with them
  • found at the Arctic or boiling underwater volcanoes
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6
Q

Fungi

A

-eukaryotic, cannot move, cell wall made of chitin , heterotrophic
-can cause disease
Divided into :
1 molds - filamentous fungi of multicellular cells in threads called hyphae. Reproduces by sexual and asexual pores
2 years - unicellular organism which reproduces by budding or asexual pores

  • Mushrooms are fruiting buds of filamentous fungi
  • natural antibiotics
  • bio control of pests
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7
Q

Protozoa

A

-unicellular eukaryotes, similar to animal cells in structure and heterotrophy
-live freely in water or host
-asexual reproduction
Divided based on method of locomotion :
1 pseudopodia - cell extensions of cytoplasm move the cell forward ( amoeba locomotion )
2 cilia - hairlike extensions that make a rhythmic whip lash action propelling cell forward
3 flagellum - long extension ( fewer than cilia ) that beats in a rhythmic action propelling cell forward
4 gliding motion - by flexing body

  • no cell wall unlike bacteria
  • no chloroplast unlike algae
  • no chitin cell wall unlike fungi
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8
Q

Algae

A

-uni ( phytoplankton )or multicellular , autotrophic, all contain green pigment chlorophyll
- Categorized based on
1 pigmentation
2 composition of cell wall
3 storage of products

  • primary producer in aquatic ecosystems
  • make molecular oxygen via photosynthesis
  • most petroleum is fossil fuel remains of algae
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9
Q

Bacteria and Archaebacteria and bacteria shapes

A

-Unicellular prokaryotes
- smaller than eukaryotes, reproduces asexually , can survive in extreme environments
Bacteria - cell wall has peptidoglycan. Most do not cause disease and are beneficial
Archaebacteria - wall made of other polymers besides peptidoglycan

Shapes of bacteria :
1 cocci - spherical
2 bacilli - tubular
3 spirilla - twisted

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10
Q

Virus

A
  • acellular , can be crystallized,
  • cannot reproduce on their own. Require a host , cannot transform energy
  • have either RNA or DNA wrapped in protein and sometimes lipid layer never both
  • singular is virion or virus particle
  • vehicle for gene therapy
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11
Q

Small animals and helminths

A

-helminths ( worms ) visible in adult stage so not technically microbe
1 Platyhelminths - do not have complete digestive system ( tapeworm )
2 Nematodes - have complete digestive system ( roundworm )

  • anthropoids are joint legged creatures without a backbone. Vectors for disease
  • can be used as biological pest controllers
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12
Q

History of Microbiology

A
  • Francisco Redi ( Italian ) 1660 : first to formally challenge spontaneous theory. Put meat in jars 1 covered ( microbes did not developed ), 1 opened ( microbes developed on meat )and 1 sealed with gauzes ( microbes on gauze )
  • 1685 Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek ( Dutch ) 1st to view microbes using simple microscope he made
  • 1745 John Needham. He backed up spontaneous theory. Boiled broth in beaker and noted microbes growing on broth before it could be poured in other flasks
  • 1765 Spallanzani ( Italian ) suggested that Needham’s experiments was contaminated from microbes in air. Showed that sealed broth before heating did not grow microbes
  • 1796 Jenner Edward developed 1st vaccine
  • 1860 John Lister proposed use of phenol as disinfectant after he noticed many obstetrics patients dying
  • Florence Nightingale improved unsanitary conditions at hospitals
  • 1861 Louis Pasteur settles Needham and Spallanzani issue. Showed that microbes present in air but air didn’t make microbes. Open and sealed flask broth boiling
  • Next experiment was swan shaped flask
  • developed germ theory
  • 1884 Hans Christian Gram ( Danish ) developed bacteria stain technique ( gram stain )
  • 1890 Robert Koch ( German ) studied causative agents of disease
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13
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

1 microbes must be present in all causes of the disease except in healthy people
2 organism growl in pure cultures
3 same disease must be present in susceptible host when microbes introduced
4 microbes must be recovered from experimentally infected host

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14
Q

Fields of Microbiology

A 
1 Bacteriology 
2 Virology 
3 Phycology - Algae 
4 Mycology - Fungi
5 Parasitology - parasitic Protozoa and small animals  
6 Protozoology
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15
Q

Medical Microbiology fields

A

1 Serology - study of blood serum to detect infection
2 Immunology - study of bodies defense against infection
3 etiology - study of cause of disease
4 chemotherapy - use and developed of chemicals to treat disease
5 epidemiology- study of frequency, distribution and spread of disease

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16
Q

Use of microbes

A

1 environmental

  • bioremediation
  • public Heath ( sewerage treatment , waste purification )
  • agricultural : pest control
  • vital in ecosystems: decompose waste into useful substances ie manure , convert atmospheric gases into forms other organisms can use, source of gases eg photosynthetic Cyanobacteria or decompose waste into methane ie fuel , provide drought heat and diseases resistance to other organisms

2 industrial

  • food and beverage manufacturer
  • phamarcetical
  • recombinant DNA - alter dna of microbes to produce more useful products
17
Q

Microbes and use in human health

A
  • in our digestive system
  • coat membranes and skin
  • gene therapy’s
18
Q

Prebiotic and probiotics

A
  • probiotic is live microbes living in the human body that maintain balance eg saccharomyces help prevent and treat diarrhea
  • prebiotic is indigestible matter which stimulates growth and maintenance of gut bacteria eg found in yoghurt
19
Q

History of microbiology simplified

A
  • Precambrian era m
  • Middle Ages
  • spontaneous theory ( abiogenesis )
  • germ theory
  • development of virology
  • immunology ( Edward Jenner )
20
Q

Taxonomy, nomenclature and identifying and system used for nomenclature

A
  • classifying based on criteria
  • naming
  • discovering microbes so that they can be classified and named

Use binomial system of naming
( Genus and Species )

Microbiology (5 decks)

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