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Microbiology > Intro To Bacteriology > Flashcards

Intro To Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

5 essential elements of prokaryotes

And the other elements

A
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • nucleoid / genetic material
  • ribosomes
  • capsule / slime layer
  • mesosome
  • inclusions
  • pili
  • flagella
  • periplasmic space
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2
Q

List the 3 architectural regions of prokaryotes and describe

A

1 cell envelope
-cell wall, membrane and capsule

2 cytoplasm
-mesosome , nucleoid , ribosomes, inclusion

3 appendages

  • flagella
  • pili
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3
Q

Function of nucleoid , ribosomes and membrane

A
  • dense region in cyto with genetic material
  • controls cellular biological activities

-protein synthesis

  • selective barrier
  • maintains cell ionic contant
  • set up and maintain cell polarity
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4
Q

Describe the capsule / slime layer structure, characteristics and function

A

-gelatinous polysaccharide or peptide
/outer covering of cell
-called capsule is firmly attached to cell and slime layer is loosely attached
-has glycocalyx layer

  • attachment to surfaces
  • protect against phagocytosis
  • nutrient reserve
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5
Q

Antigenic designation of capsule and appearance on microscope

A
  • K

- unstained halo surrounding cell

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6
Q

Where isn’t capsule found

A

-mycoplasma and thermoplasma

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7
Q

Outcome of digestion of cell wall

A

Cell wall lost and in

  • in gram positive becomes protoplast
  • in gram negative spheroplasts
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8
Q

Two types of cell wall and describe

A

1 gram positive

  • has thick peptidoglycan layer with techoic acid and lipotechoic acid attached
  • in contact with cell membrane
  • stains blue

2 gram negative

  • has thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane
  • in contact with cell membrane
  • outer membrane has porins and polysaccharides
  • stains red
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9
Q

What is mesosome and what is bacteria membrane lacking ( diff from eukaryotes)

A
  • inward intrusions of membrane

- cholesterol

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10
Q

Size of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes

A
  • 30S and 50S to make 70S

- 40S and 60S to make 80S

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11
Q

Types of prokaryotic inclusions and function and common function of all

A

1 volutin- ( Barnes Ernst ) energy and phosphate storage
2 lipid granules - carbon and energy storage
3 polysaccharide granules - glucose monomers source of carbon and energy storage

-nutrients reserve

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12
Q

Plasmids structure, characteristics and function

A
  • extra chromosomal DNA
  • found in both pro and eukaryotes
  • larger ones found in gram negatives
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13
Q

Cell well function

A
  • protect against osmotic lysis
  • prevent excessive intake of water
  • confer rigidity and strength
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14
Q

What is a bacteriophage

A

-virus particle which parasitizes bacteria by infecting it

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15
Q

Describe bacteriophage cycle ( both roots )

A

Lysis root

  • bacteriophage attaches to cell wall of uninfected host on phage receptor using attachment proteins
  • penetration: vital dna injected into bacteria
  • maturation and replication : bacterial cell machinery used to replicate vital dna and to make more viruses
  • lysis of cell : release

Lysogenic cycle

  • after injected viral DNA incorporates into bacteria dna
  • replication of lysogenic bacteria
  • prophage separates from bacteria dna
  • prophage causes replication or re-incorporates into bacteria dna
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16
Q

What is a bacteria endospore and function

A
  • unique structures found on some genera
  • responses to environmental stimuli
  • resistant to heat, radiation and harsh chemicals
17
Q

What is flagella and function ( including structure)

A
  • long filamentous Axial structure made of fibrillin protein surrounded by cell membrane
  • responsible for bacteria motility
  • has filament attached to hook attached to basal body ( inside cell wall in contact with membrane)
18
Q

Types of flagella and description

A
  • atrichous no flagella at all
  • monotrichous : 1 flagella protruding at one end
  • lophotrichous : numerous flagella protruding at one end
  • amphitrichous : numerous flagella protruding at opposite ends
  • peritrichous : numerous flagella protruding at all ends
19
Q

Describe pili / fimbrilae structure and function

A

-made of fibrillin but less motile , thinner and shorter but more numerous than flagella

  • sex pili used in conjugation
  • used to attach to surfaces
  • protect against phagocytosis
20
Q

List the 3 types of genetic exchange in prokaryotes

A

1 transduction
2 conjugation
3 transformation

21
Q

Describe transformation

A
  • recipient DNA takes up donor DNA fragments
  • recombination occurs ( joining of fragments to recipient DNA
  • recipient DNA genetically transformed and unrecombined fragments are degraded
22
Q

Describe conjugation

A
  • donor Bacteria with plasmid extend sex pili to recipient without and attached then fuses
  • relaxasome , DNA polymerase and transferasome replicated the plasmid and transfer to recipient bacteria
  • bacteria beak off and now both have plasmid and sex pili l
23
Q

List the two types of transduction

A

1 general

2 specialized

24
Q

Describe general transduction

A
  • phage infects bacteria
  • host DNA hydrolyzed and phage DNA and proteins made by cell.
  • occasionally bacterial DNA packed in phage caspid which now becomes transducing phage which infects new host
  • recombination occurs and recombinant has diff genotype from donor or recipient
25
Q

Describe specialized recombination

A
  • bacterial cells has prophage ( viral DNA ) integrated between genes
  • occasionally prophage exits incorrectly taking adjoining genes with it
  • phage carries bacterial and phage DNA
  • infect new host and recombination occurs and recombinant has diff genotype from donor or recipient

Microbiology (5 decks)

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