Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards
Who discovered plant cells and described them in his book Micrographia
Robert Hooke
Enumerate 5 ways microbes affect our lives
Subjects of study Normal flora of the body Maintain balance in the enviroment Genetic engineering Commercial and industrial use
Who observed microbes under the microscope and named them animalcules?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
What did Francesco Redi contribute?
Redi’s experiment provided evidence against spontaneous generation
Who tried to disprove spontaneous generation by boiling mutton broth in several tubes and sealing it?
John Needham
Who challenged Needham by boiling mutton broth tubes for a longer time?
Lazzaro Spallanzani
What are Louis Pasteur’s contributions?
Germ theory of disease
Vaccines for rabies, diphtheria and anthrax
Pasteurization of food
British surgeon who introduced carbolic acid, then known as a sewage treatment chemical, to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds
Joseph Lister
Who discovered M. tuberculosis?
Robert Koch
Enumerate Koch’s Postulates
- the microorganism should be present in EVERY case if the disease
- The microorganism should be isolated from the diseased host and grown in a pure culture
- The microorganism should be inoculated in a healthy host and the same disease must result
- The same microorganism must be isolated from the diseased host
Who proposed that antibodies are reaponsible for immunity?
Paul Erlich
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
What is the target of penicillin?
Peptidoglycan cross linking
Who made the five kingdom scheme of classifying organisms?
Robert Whittaker
The 5 Kingdom scheme is based on
Cell type,
Mode of nutrition
Cellular organization
Lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments, and include methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles
Domain archaeabacteria
Eukaryoti multicellular organisms without cell walls that are ingestive heterotrophs
Kingdom animalia
Eukaryotic multicellular organisms with cellulose in cell wall. They are usually photoautotrophic and nonmotile
Plantae
Unicillular or multicellular eukaryotes with chitin in cell wall. They are absorptive heterotrophs, nonmotile and develop from spores or hyphal fragments
Fungi
Multicellular animals with microscopic life cycle stages and usually live off using the host’s nutrients
Animal parasites
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes in terms of nucleus
Prokaryotes: single circular chromosome without nuclear envelope
Eukaryotes: membrane bound nucleus with individual chromosomes
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes in terms of extradhromosomal DNA
Prokaryotes: in plasmids, responsible for virulence
Eukaryotes: in organelles e.g. Mitochondria
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes in terms of organelles
P: none
E: present
Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes in terms of cytoplasmic membrane
P: contains enzymes for respiration: active secretion of enzymes; site if phospholipid and enzyme synthesis
E:semipermeable layer without prokaryotic membrane functions
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes in terms of cell wall
P: peptidoglycan except for Mycoplasma
E: none; if there is, made up of cellulose or chitin
Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes in terms of sterols
P: absent except in Mycoplasma
E: usually present
Prokaryotes vs. eykaryotes in terms of ribosomes
p: 70S in cytoplasm
e: 80S in ER
How do bacteria multiply?
Binary fission
What are the 3 components that make up fungal cell wall?
Chitin
Glucan
Mannan
