Introduction to Microbiology

Question 0

Who discovered plant cells and described them in his book Micrographia

Answer 0

Robert Hooke

Question 1

Enumerate 5 ways microbes affect our lives

Answer 1

Subjects of study
Normal flora of the body
Maintain balance in the enviroment
Genetic engineering
Commercial and industrial use

Question 2

Who observed microbes under the microscope and named them animalcules?

Answer 2

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 3

What did Francesco Redi contribute?

Answer 3

Redi’s experiment provided evidence against spontaneous generation

Question 4

Who tried to disprove spontaneous generation by boiling mutton broth in several tubes and sealing it?

Answer 4

John Needham

Question 5

Who challenged Needham by boiling mutton broth tubes for a longer time?

Answer 5

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 6

What are Louis Pasteur’s contributions?

Answer 6

Germ theory of disease
Vaccines for rabies, diphtheria and anthrax
Pasteurization of food

Question 7

British surgeon who introduced carbolic acid, then known as a sewage treatment chemical, to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds

Answer 7

Joseph Lister

Question 8

Who discovered M. tuberculosis?

Answer 8

Robert Koch

Question 9

Enumerate Koch’s Postulates

Answer 9

1. the microorganism should be present in EVERY case if the disease
2. The microorganism should be isolated from the diseased host and grown in a pure culture
3. The microorganism should be inoculated in a healthy host and the same disease must result
4. The same microorganism must be isolated from the diseased host

Question 10

Who proposed that antibodies are reaponsible for immunity?

Answer 10

Paul Erlich

Question 11

Who discovered penicillin?

Answer 11

Alexander Fleming

Question 12

What is the target of penicillin?

Answer 12

Peptidoglycan cross linking

Question 13

Who made the five kingdom scheme of classifying organisms?

Answer 13

Robert Whittaker

Question 14

The 5 Kingdom scheme is based on

Answer 14

Cell type,
Mode of nutrition
Cellular organization

Question 15

Lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments, and include methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles

Answer 15

Domain archaeabacteria

Question 16

Eukaryoti multicellular organisms without cell walls that are ingestive heterotrophs

Answer 16

Kingdom animalia

Question 17

Eukaryotic multicellular organisms with cellulose in cell wall. They are usually photoautotrophic and nonmotile

Answer 17

Plantae

Question 18

Unicillular or multicellular eukaryotes with chitin in cell wall. They are absorptive heterotrophs, nonmotile and develop from spores or hyphal fragments

Answer 18

Fungi

Question 19

Multicellular animals with microscopic life cycle stages and usually live off using the host’s nutrients

Answer 19

Animal parasites

Question 20

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes in terms of nucleus

Answer 20

Prokaryotes: single circular chromosome without nuclear envelope
Eukaryotes: membrane bound nucleus with individual chromosomes

Question 21

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes in terms of extradhromosomal DNA

Answer 21

Prokaryotes: in plasmids, responsible for virulence
Eukaryotes: in organelles e.g. Mitochondria

Question 22

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes in terms of organelles

Answer 22

P: none
E: present

Question 23

Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes in terms of cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 23

P: contains enzymes for respiration: active secretion of enzymes; site if phospholipid and enzyme synthesis
E:semipermeable layer without prokaryotic membrane functions

Question 24

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes in terms of cell wall

Answer 24

P: peptidoglycan except for Mycoplasma
E: none; if there is, made up of cellulose or chitin

Question 25

Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes in terms of sterols

Answer 25

P: absent except in Mycoplasma
E: usually present

Question 26

Prokaryotes vs. eykaryotes in terms of ribosomes

Answer 26

p: 70S in cytoplasm
e: 80S in ER

Question 27

How do bacteria multiply?

Answer 27

Binary fission

Question 28

What are the 3 components that make up fungal cell wall?

Answer 28

Chitin
Glucan
Mannan