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CCP 5/CCP 5.1 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Parasitology > Introduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Latin word for “small”

A

Micros

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2
Q

Latin word for “life”

A

Bios

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3
Q

Latin word for “science”

A

Logos

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4
Q

The study of microorganisms usually less than 1 mm in diameter which requires some sort of magnification to be seen clearly

A

Microbiology

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5
Q

2 major areas of microbiology

A

Basic microbiology, Applied microbiology

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6
Q

Where the fundamental nature and properties of microorganisms are studied

A

Basic microbiology

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7
Q

Where information learned from basic microbiology is employed to control and use microorganisms in beneficial ways

A

Applied microbiology

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8
Q

Refers to the shape and size of cells, the chemical composition, and functions of internal structures

A

Morphological characteristics

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9
Q

Refers to the specific nutritional requirements and physical conditions needed for growth and reproduction

A

Physiological characteristics

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10
Q

Refers to how the microbe breakdowns nutrients to obtain energy for synthesis of cellular components

A

Biochemical activities

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11
Q

Refers to the inheritance and variability of characteristic

A

Genetic characteristics

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12
Q

Refers to the study of host resistance to infection

A

Disease causing potential

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13
Q

Refers to the occurrence in the environment and their relationships with other organisms

A

Ecological characteristics

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14
Q

Bacteria that are living in our bodies

A

Indigenous bacteria

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15
Q

Bacteria that produces vitamin K and B1

A

E. coli

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16
Q

Animals that have cellulose-eating protozoa

A

Termites

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17
Q

Bacteria that are opportunists

A

Opportunistic bacteria

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18
Q

Bacteria that are producers of oxygen

A

Photosynthetic bacteria/Cyanobacteria

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19
Q

Bacteria that consumes dead or decaying materials

A

Decomposers/Saprophytes

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20
Q

The use of living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify useful products or processes/decomposition of industrial waste

A

Bioremediation

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21
Q

Microbes that serve as food for tiny animals

A

Phytoplankton/Zooplankton

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22
Q

2 schools of thought on the origin of microorganisms

A

Abiogenesis, Biogenesis

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23
Q

Concept that states that life arose from the non-living

A

Abiogenesis

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24
Q

Examples of a concept under abiogenesis

A

Spontaneous generation

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25
Q

Used cooked meat and placed them in open flasks that eventually saw colonies of microorganisms on the surface in 1745

A

John Needham

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26
Q

Concept that states that life arose from living parents

A

Biogenesis

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27
Q

4 scientists that carried out experiments that refuted spontaneous generation

A

Francisco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Louis Pasteur, John Tyndall

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28
Q

Believed that living organisms could develop from non-living materials

A

Aristotle (384-322)

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29
Q

Described that disease is caused by a minute “seed” or “germ”

A

Roger Bacon (13th century)

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30
Q

Discovered single-celled organisms called “animalcules” which are now known as microorganisms

A

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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31
Q

Developed the compound microscope; was the first to coin the term cell

A

Robert Hooke (1678)

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32
Q

Scientist that showed that maggots would not arise from decaying meat, when it is covered

A

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

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33
Q

Scientist who proposed that tiny organism arose spontaneously on the mutton gravy

A

John Needham (1713-1781)

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34
Q

Scientist that demonstrated that air carried germs to the culture medium

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

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35
Q

Father of medical microbiology

A

Louis Pasteur

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36
Q

Process that involves mild heating at 62.8°C for 30 minutes to destroy undesirable organisms without ruining the taste of the product

A

Pasteurization

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37
Q

Scientist that discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later known as endospore

A

John Tyndall (1820-1893)

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38
Q

Process that involves prolonged boiling or intermittent heating to kill endospores to make the infusion completely sterilized

A

Tyndallisation

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39
Q

Father of antiseptic surgery; concluded that wound infections were due to microorganisms

A

Lord Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

40
Q

Father of bacteriology; he determined the role of bacteria in causing disease

A

Robert Koch (1893-1910)

41
Q

3 bacteria discovered by Robert Koch

A

Anthrax bacillus, Tubercle bacillus, Cholera vibrios

42
Q

Scientist who was one of Koch’s assistants and who proposed the use of agar in culture media

A

Fanne Eilshemius Hesse (1850-1934)

43
Q

Scientist who developed the petri dish, which is a container used for solid culture media

A

Richard Petri (1887)

44
Q

Scientist who was the first to prevent smallpox and who discovered the technique of vaccination

A

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

45
Q

Scientist who discovered the penicillin from Penicillium notatum that destroy several pathogenic bacteria

A

Alexander Fleming (1928)

46
Q

Father of chemotherapy who applied stains to cells and tissues for study of their functions

A

Paul Erlich (1854-1915)

47
Q

A derivative of arsenic sometimes called as “magic bullete” which was used as a treatment for syphilis

A

Salvarsan

48
Q

Discovered Leprosy bacillus in 1874

A

Hansen

49
Q

Discovered Gonococcus in 1879

A

Neisser

50
Q

Discovered Staphylococcus in 1881

A

Ogston

51
Q

Discovered Diphtheria bacillus in 1884

A

Loeffler

52
Q

Discovered the diphtheria toxin

A

Roux and Yersin

53
Q

Coined the term virus for filterable infectious agents in 1898

A

Beijerinck

54
Q

Developed the rabies vaccine

A

Pasteur

55
Q

One of Pasteur’s associates who constructed a porcelain bacterial filter

A

Charles Chamberland

56
Q

Discovered bacteriophages

A

Twort and d’Herelle

57
Q

Led the vaccination for smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

58
Q

1901 - Nobel laureate and their contribution

A

Von Behring; Diph antitox

59
Q

1902 - Nobel laureate and their contribution

A

Ronald Ross; Malaria

60
Q

1905 - Nobel laureate and their contribution

A

Robert Koch; TB

61
Q

1908 - Nobel laureate and their contribution

A

Metchnikoff; Phagocytosis

62
Q

1945 - Nobel laureate and their contribution

A

Flemming; Penicillin

63
Q

1962 - Nobel laureate and their contribution

A

Watson and Crick; Structure of DNA

64
Q

1968 - Nobel laureate and their contribution

A

Holley and Khorana; Genetic code

65
Q

1997 - Nobel laureate and their contribution

A

Pruisner; Prions

66
Q

2002 - Nobel laureate and their contribution

A

Brenner and Hervitz; Genetic regulation of organ development and cell death

67
Q

Equivalent of meter to inches

A

39.4 inches

68
Q

The sizes of bacteria and protozoa are usually expressed in terms of __________

A

micrometers (µm)

69
Q

A typical spherical bacterium (coccus) is approximately __________ in diameter

A

1 µm

70
Q

A typical rod-shaped bacterium (bacillus) is approximately __________ wide × __________ long.

A

1 µm; 3 µm

71
Q

Is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye

A

Microscope

72
Q

The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument

A

Microscopy

73
Q

Means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope

A

Microscopic

74
Q

Microscope that uses single lens

A

Simple light microscope

75
Q

Microscope that uses set lenses or a lens system

A

Compound light microscope

76
Q

Parts used for adjustments and support

A

Mechanical parts

77
Q

Parts used to enlarge the specimen

A

Magnifying parts

78
Q

Parts used to provide the light

A

Illuminating parts

79
Q

Ability of the lens to distinguish two objects that are close together

A

Resolution

80
Q

A function of objective lenses and its ability to gather light

A

Numerical aperture

81
Q

Refractive index of the medium the lens is working in

A

n

82
Q

Measurement of the cone light that enters the objective

A

sin θ

83
Q

Resolving power - Compound microscope

A

200 nanometers

84
Q

Resolving power - Scanning electron microscope

A

10 nanometers

85
Q

Resolving power - Transmission electron microscope

A

0.2 nanometers

86
Q

Degree of enlargement; no of times the length, breadth, or diameter of an object is multiplied

A

Magnification

87
Q

Useful magnification

A

500x-1000x

88
Q

Empty magnification

A

1400x and beyond

89
Q

Occurs when the image continues to be enlarged, but no additional details are resolved

A

Empty magnification

90
Q

Formula for magnification

A

Objective lens x Eyepiece lens

91
Q

Refers to objectives that can be changed with minimal or no refocusing

A

Parfocal

92
Q

Distance from the front lens element of the objective to the closest surface of the coverslip when the specimen is in sharp focus

A

Working distance

93
Q

Is the extent of the observable area in distance units

A

Field of view (FOV)

94
Q

Formula for field of view

A

Field number ÷ Objective magnification

95
Q

Used to measure minute distances or the apparent diameters of objects which subtend minute angles

A

Micrometer

96
Q

Used only at very large magnifications that require high resolving power

A

Oil immersion objective (OIO)

CCP 5/CCP 5.1 - Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Parasitology (3 decks)

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