INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY

Question 1

Study of organisms that individually are too
small to be seen by the naked eye.

Answer 1

MICROBIOLOGY

Question 2

study of microorganisms, a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cells or cell clusters; it also includes viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular.

Answer 2

MICROBIOLOGY

Question 3

• They suggested that a disease was caused by
  “invisible living creatures”

Answer 3

ROMAN PHILOSOPHER LUCRETIUS AND GIROLAMO
FRACASTORO

Question 4

He made the earliest microscopic observations
on bees and weevils using a microscope
probably supplied by Galileo

Answer 4

FRANCESCO STELLUTI

Question 5

• The first true microbiologist
• The first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately
• He discovered animalcules
• He used his self-made single lens microscope
  with 50-300x magnification

Answer 5

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

Question 6

Simpler invertebrates could arise from
spontaneous generation

Answer 6

ARISTOTLE

Question 7

• In 1668, he demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously from decaying meat
• His results were a serious blow to the long-held belief that large forms of life could arise from non-life.

Answer 7

FRANCESCO REDI

Question 8

• He observed that boiled mutton broth (tightly
  sealed) eventually became cloudy with
  microorganisms.
• He proposed that organic matter possessed a
  vital force that could give rise to life.

Answer 8

JOHN NEEDHAM

Question 9

• He improved the previous experiments of
  Needham by using sealed boiled water and
  seeds
• He observed that no growth took place as long
  as the flasks remained sealed

Answer 9

LAZZARO SPALLANZI

Question 10

• Living cells can rise only from preexisting living
  cells.

Answer 10

BIOGENESIS

Question 11

• He challenged spontaneous generation with
  the concept of biogenesis

Answer 11

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

Question 12

• He challenged spontaneous generation with
  the concept of biogenesis

Answer 12

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

Question 13

He observed that no growth occurred in a
flask containing nutrient solution after
allowing air to pass through a red-hot tube.

Answer 13

THEODORE SCHWANN

Question 14

• Observed that no growth occurred after
  allowing air to pass through sterile cotton
  wool placed in a flask of heat-sterilized
  medium.

Answer 14

GOERG FRIEDRICH SCHRODER AND THEODORE VON DUSCH

Question 15

• He resolved the issue of spontaneous
  generation

Answer 15

LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 16

• He stated that microorganisms are indeed present in the air and can contaminate seemingly sterile solutions, however the air itself does not create microbes.

Answer 16

LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 17

• He showed that microorganisms can be present in non-living matter.

Answer 17

LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 18

• He started that microbial life can be destroyed by heat (basis of the aseptic technique)

Answer 18

LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 19

• He provided evidence that microorganisms cannot originate from mystical forces present in nonliving materials

Question 20

form of sterilization for
three consecutive days.

Answer 20

Tyndallization

Question 21

He showed that dust carry germs which
contaminates sterile broth.

Answer 21

JOHN TYNDALL

Question 22

He showed that dust carry germs which
contaminates sterile broth.

Answer 22

JOHN TYNDALL

Question 23

Stated that yeast cells were responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol, however he said that fermentation was not due to microorganisms but to a chemical instability that converted sugars to alcohol

Answer 23

THEODORE SCHWANN

Question 24

described that certain microorganisms
known as “yeast” converts sugar to alcohol in the absence of air

Answer 24

Pasteur

Question 25

caused by different
microorganisms called bacteria
In the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar ____________

Answer 25

Souring and spoilage

Question 26

Heating the beer and wine

Answer 26

just enough to kill most of
the bacteria __________________

Question 27

1. He disproved the theory of spontaneous
   generation
2. He developed vaccines against anthrax (1881)
   and rabies (1885).
3. He improved the wine industry (theory of
   fermentation)

Answer 27

PASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE

Question 28

Created a porcelain bacterial filter (1884) and
developed anthrax vaccine together with
Pasteur

Answer 28

CHARLES CHAMBERLAND

Question 29

• Microorganisms might cause the disease

Answer 29

THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Question 30

• He developed the antiseptic system of surgery
• He demonstrated the used of phenol for
  treating surgical wounds and also sprayed
  phenol over the surgical area.

Answer 30

JOSPEH LISTER

Question 31

• He established the first proof that bacteria
  indeed cause disease
• He discovered Bacillus anthracis - causative
  agent of anthrax
• He discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• He was the first to culture bacteria on boiled
  potatoes, gelatin and used meat extracts and
  protein digests for cultivation.
• He developed culture media for observing
  growth of bacteria isolated from human body.

Answer 31

ROBERT KOCH

Question 32

1. The microorganisms must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms.
2. The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.
3. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganisms is inoculated into healthy host.
4. The same organisms must be isolated again from the diseased host

Answer 32

KOCH’S POSTULATES:

Question 33

suggested the use of agar as a solidifying agent

Answer 33

FANNIE EILSHEMIUS HESSE

Question 34

developed the petri dish (plate)

Answer 34

RICHARD PETRI

Question 35

• developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
  Le. IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES – VACCINATION

Answer 35

MARTINUS BEIJERNICK AND SERGIE WINOGRADSKY

Question 36

• Experimented on how people can be protected against small pox
• He collected scrapings from cowpox
  blisters and inoculated a healthy
  volunteer with the cowpox material by
  scratching the person’s arm with a pox contaminated needle

Answer 36

EDWARD JENNER

Question 37

• Used the term “vaccine” - for culture of
  avirulent microorganisms use for
  preventive inoculation
• He used attenuated culture known as
  vaccine (Latin “vacca” - cow)

Answer 37

PASTEUR

Question 38

• Used the term “vaccine” - for culture of
  avirulent microorganisms use for
  preventive inoculation
• He used attenuated culture known as
  vaccine (Latin “vacca” - cow)

Answer 38

PASTEUR

Question 39

• Is the treatment of disease by using
  chemical substances
• It also refers to chemical treatment of
  noninfectious diseases, such as cancer

Answer 39

CHEMOTHERAPY

Question 39

• Is the treatment of disease by using
  chemical substances
• It also refers to chemical treatment of
  noninfectious diseases, such as cancer

Answer 39

CHEMOTHERAPY

Question 40

prepared from
chemicals in the laboratory

Answer 40

Synthetic drugs

Question 41

produced naturally by
bacteria and fungi to act against
microorganisms

Answer 41

Antibiotics

Question 42

Prepared ________________________

Answer 42

EMIL VON BEHRING

Question 43

Discovered ______________________
for treatment of syphilis

Answer 43

PAUL EHRLICH

Question 44

• Accidentally discovered ________________

Answer 44

ALEXANDER FLEMING

Question 45

Made the purification process for penicillin

Answer 45

HOWARD FLOREY AND ERNST CHAIN