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Microbiology and parasitology > INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

the study of very small living organisms

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

these are very small living organism which cannot be seen by naked eye.

A

Microorganisms

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3
Q

Microorganism is also known as

A

microbes or germs

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4
Q

He observed strands of fungi among the specimens of cell.

A

Robert Hooked

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5
Q

Dutch merchant who made careful observations of microscopic organisms, which he called ___

A

Anton van Leuwenhoek, animalcules

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6
Q

regarded as one of the first to provide accurate description of protozoa, fungi, and bacteria

A

Anton Van Leuwenhoek

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7
Q

State what happen- The Spontaneous Generation debates

A

At this time scientist debated the theory of spontaneous generation which stated that microorganisms arise from lifeless matter such as beef broth

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8
Q

showed that fly maggots do not arise from decaying meat if the meat is not covered to prevent the entry of flies

A

Francisco Redi

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9
Q

English cleric who advanced spontaneous generation,

A

John Needham

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10
Q

disputed the theory of John Needham by showing that boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life.

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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11
Q

performed numerous experiments in middle and late 1800s to discover that bacteria are the cause why wine and dairy products are sour

A

Louis Pasteur

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12
Q

State Louis Pasteur contributions.

A
  • He emphasized the importance of bacteria in everyday life.
  • He proved that if bacteria could make the wine “sick”, then it could cause human illness.
  • Pasteur postulated the germ theory which states that microorganisms are the causes of infectious disease
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13
Q

German scientist who formulated a theory by cultivating anthrax bacteria by injecting pure culture of bacilli into mice that cause anthrax. This procedure is known as ___.

A

Robert Koch, Koch’s Postulates

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14
Q

State PRINCIPLES OF Koch’s postulates

A
  1. The specific organism should be shown to be present in all cases of animals suffering from a specific disease, but should not be found in healthy animals;
  2. The specific microorganism should be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure culture on artificial laboratory media;
  3. The freshly isolated microorganism, when inoculated into a healthy non-immune laboratory animal, should cause the same disease seen in the original animal; and
  4. The microorganism should be re-isolated in pure culture from the experimental infection
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15
Q

discovered and introduced as primary therapy

for microbial infections

A

antibiotics (after world war II)

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16
Q

relatively simple, prokaryotic organisms whose cells lack a nucleus or nuclear membrane

A

Bacteria

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17
Q

Bacteria may appear as

A

rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spirals (spirilla or

spirochetes).

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18
Q

Bacteria reproduce at temperatures ranging from ___

and condition ___

A

100◦ C and conditions that are oxygen free or oxygen rich.

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19
Q

Ultramicroscopic bits of genetic material (DNA or RNA), enclosed in a protein shell and others in a membranous envelop

A

Viruses

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20
Q

Yes or no. Do Viruses have metabolism?

A

None

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21
Q

How do viruses exist?

A

Viruses multiply in living cells and use the chemical machinery of the cells for their own purpose

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22
Q

are eukaryotic, unicellular organisms

A

Protozoa

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23
Q

Some protozoa use what?

A

flagella, other use cilia and other use pseudopodia

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24
Q

True or false. Protoza Exist in an infinite variety of shapes

A

True because they have no cell walls

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25
Q

Protozoa causes diseases such as

A

malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery, toxoplasmosis

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26
Q

are eukaryotic microorganisms that include multicellular molds and unicellular (single-celled) yeasts.

A

Funji

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27
Q

slightly larger than bacteria and are used in alcohol fermentations and bread making

A

Yeast

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28
Q

are filamentous

A

Molds

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29
Q

Funji prepared environment

A

acidic environments, most live at room temperature and oxygen rich conditions

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30
Q

Most common funji is?

A

Mushroom

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31
Q

implies a variety of plantlike organisms

A

Algae

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32
Q

Examples of algae

A

diatoms and dinoflagellates (that inhibit the oceans and are found at the bases of marine food chains.

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33
Q

study of bacteria

A

Bacteriology

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34
Q

study of viruses

A

Virology

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35
Q

study of fungi

A

Mycology

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36
Q

study of algae

A

Phycology

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37
Q

study of protozoa (other term is parasitology)

A

Protozoology

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38
Q

microbes are being exploited in two important ways- biofertilizers and creating new nitrogen-fixing organisms.

A

Soil fertility

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39
Q

through recombinant DNA technology efforts have been made to introduce nitrogen-fixing genes into wheat, corn, and rice among others.

A

Nitrogen-fixers

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40
Q

several microbes (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) are being developed as suitable bio pesticides for management of insect and nematode pest

A

Bio pesticides

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41
Q

some fungi have a good potential for their use to control nematode pests of vegetables, fruit and cereal crops. Some bacterial and fungal products are also in use to control diseases of roots and shoots of plants

A

Bionematicides

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42
Q

several fungi have been found very useful in the control of troublesome weeds of crop fields

A

Bio weedicides

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43
Q

inexpensive and increasingly effective way of cleaning up pollution such as those environments contaminated with crude oil, polychlorinated biphenyls, and many other industrial wastes

A

Bioremediation

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44
Q

Biotechnology application

A 
o Human hormone insulin
o Human growth factor
o Antiviral substance interferon
o Numerous blood-clotting factors and clot-dissolving enzymes
o Vaccines
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45
Q

Growth of molecular biology

A
  • complete genome sequencing of any organism can be determined and manipulating that DNA in useful ways can be made possible.
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46
Q

used a compound microscope to observe fleas, sponges, bird feathers, plants and molds.

A

Robert Hooke

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47
Q

developed a microscope that was able to magnify

samples greater than 200-fold and observed tiny organisms he called _________

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

“wee animalcules”.

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48
Q

first to carefully examine the world of microbes and
made observations of eukaryotic microorganisms and bacteria

is landmark papers on the cycling of elements in nature were published

A

Ferdinand Julius Cohn

Ueber Bakterien in 1872

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49
Q

the first to use microscope to describe the fruiting

structure of molds

A

Robert Hooke- 1664

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50
Q

first to describe microbes in details

A

Anton van Leuwenhoek- 1673

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51
Q

publishes landmark paper on bacteria and the cycling of elements. It is an early classification scheme that uses the name Bacillus.

A

Ferdinand Julius Cohn- 1872

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52
Q

reports the growth of fungal colonies from single spores on gelatin

A

Oscar Brefeld- 1872

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53
Q

grows pigmented bacterial colonies on slices of potato

A

Joseph Schroeter

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54
Q

develops method for staining bacteria, photographing,

and preparing permanent visual records on slides

A

Robert Koch -1877

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55
Q

in Koch laboratory develop the use of agar as a support medium for solid culture

A

Angelina Fannie and Walther Hesse- 1882

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56
Q

develops a dye system for identifying bacteria

Gram stain

A

Hans Christian Gram- 1884

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57
Q

When is the first report of the petri plate by Julius R. Petri

A

1887

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58
Q

establishes a quantitative approach for analyzing water

samples using the most probable number, multiple-tube fermentation test

A

M.H. McGrady- 1915

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59
Q

He realized that asepsis in obstetrical wards could

prevent transmission of childbirth fever from patient to patient

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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60
Q

He instituted a policy for all attending physicians to wash their hands with lime, calcium hypochlorite, and calcium chloride between patients.

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

61
Q

This innovation dropped the mortality rate or mortality from _____

A

18% to 2.4%

62
Q

He observe the process of converting sugar to alcohol performed by various yeast stains

A

Louis Pasteur

63
Q

He conclude that wine was turning bad because of a contaminating microbes was generating lactic acid instead of alcohol from the sugar

A

Louis Pasteur

64
Q

Contamination was solved by heating the wine and killing the contaminant, in which later the process was named ____

A

“pasteurization”

65
Q

was the first to greatly reduce the number of microorganisms on surgical wounds and incisions by using bandages, treated with phenic acid, a compound that killed microorganism

A

Joseph Lister-

66
Q

provided a definite proof of the germ theory

A

Robert Koch- 1876

67
Q

studies a cholera outbreak in London and determines it was caused by contaminated water. His method found the field of epidemiology. (Father of Epidemiology)

A

Dr. John Snow- 1854

68
Q

discovers the leprosy bacillus (Mycobacterium leprae). Also known as Hansen’s disease in his honor

A

Gerhard Henrik Armeur Hansen- 1854

69
Q

publishes the first evidence of the filterability of a pathogenic agent, the virus of tobacco mosaic disease

A

Dmitri Ivanowski- 1892

70
Q

recognizes the unique nature of Ivanowski’s discovery. He coins the term contaguim vivum fluidum- a contagious living fluid.

A

Martinus Beijerinck- 1899

71
Q

discover foot and mouth disease is caused by filterable agent.

A

Friederich Loeffler and Paul Frosch- 1899

72
Q

discover bacterial viruses.

A

Friederich Loeffler and Paul Frosch

73
Q

when is the pandemic of influenza occur before the end of World War 1.

74
Q

discovered slow viruses (also known as prions) are the cause of several disease including mad cow disease

A

D. Gajdusek- 1957

75
Q

introduced variolation in England 1721.

Inoculating someone with virus

A

Lady Mary Wortley Montgue

76
Q

responsible for the creation of a safer method of protection against smallpox.

A

Edward Jenner 1796-

77
Q

develop attenuation. A technique of weakening a strain and passing to a susceptible host and resulted to creation of vaccine against anthrax, yellow fever, rabies, etc

A

Louis Pasteur

78
Q

developed salvarsan

A

Paul Ehrlich 1885

79
Q

the first effective chemotherapeutic agent against Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis

80
Q

Sept.1928, cultured a fungus, a Penicillin mold that could kill bacteria and treat localized infection

A

Alexander Fleming

81
Q

demonstrate body cells move to damage area

and consume bacteria and other particles, the process called ____

A

1884- Ilya IlichMetchnikoff

phagocytosis.

82
Q

the study of immune system

A

immunology

83
Q

develop treatment for cholera and demonstrate immunity to administration of a live microbial culture of cholera.

A

1886- Theobald Smith and D.E. Salmon

84
Q

shows that antibodies are responsible part of immunity

A

1891- Ehrlich

85
Q

develop effective vaccine against typhoid fever using killed cells of Salmonella thypi.

A

1897- Almwroth wright and David Sample

86
Q

develops a vaccine against the plague

A

1897- Waldemar Haffkine

87
Q

a chemically synthesized antimetabolite, to kill streptococcus in mice.

A

1935- Gerhard J. Domagk uses Protonsil

88
Q

produce an extract of penicillin and show it van kill bacteria in animal

A

1940- Howard Florey and Ernest Chain

89
Q

describe E. coli that can inactivate penicillin.

A

1940- Ernest Chain and E.P. Abraham

90
Q

discover actinomycin the first antibiotic obtained from soil organism called actinomycetes

A

1940- Selman Waksman and H. Boyd Woodruff

91
Q

demonstrate that penicillin is non-toxic to human

volunteers

A

1941- Charles Fletcher

92
Q 
suggest the word “antibiotic” to describe the class 
compounds produced by microorganism that inhibit or kill another microorganism.
A

1942- Selman Waksman

93
Q

discover streptomycin, a very effective drug against tuberculosis

A

1944- Albert Schatz, E. Bugie and Selman Waksman

94
Q

age 23 of Somalia, last known victim of naturally

occuring smallpox.

A

1977- Ali Maow Maalin,

95
Q

When is the time smallpox is declared to be eliminated

96
Q

discovered transformation in bacteria wherein slime

layer of bacteria passed from dead smooth cells making them pathogenic again

A

1928- Fred Griffith

97
Q

established the idea that each gene in the DNA

typically codes for one protein (the one gene- one enzyme hypothesis)

A

1943- Beadle and Tatum

98
Q

developed cell-free systems that allowed

the study of DNA translation in the test tubes and discover the important molecules involved in the process

A

Mid-to late 1950’s-Paul Zemecnik

99
Q

proposed the existence of transfer RNA (tRNA), a molecule that helps to create amino acid polymers based on nucleic acid sequence

A

Crick, Sidney Brenner and colleagues

100
Q

discovered translation of genetic material into protein takes place on the ribosome and that the molecule being translated at the ribosome is RNA not DNA.

A

Brenner, Francois Jacob and Matthew Meselson

101
Q

developed methods to decipher the genetic codes that dictates the correspondence of nucleic acids to amino acids

A

Marshal Niremberg and J.H. Matthaei

102
Q

the structural and functional unit of life

103
Q

unicellular organism

A

amoeba, paramecium, yeast bacteria

104
Q

performs the all-essential functions of life

A

single cell

105
Q

Study of form, structure, and composition of cell

106
Q

smallest cell

A

Mycoplasma

107
Q

largest isolated cell

A

ostrich egg

108
Q

shape of cell may be

A

cuboid,
columnar,
polygonal,
thread like or irregular.

109
Q

Prokaryotic cells are represented by

A

Bacteria,
Blue green algae,
Mycoplasma

110
Q

All prokaryotic cells have cell wall surrounding the cell membrane except in

A

Mycoplasma

111
Q

Cell organelles like are absent in prokaryotes

A

Mitochondria, Golgi bodies etc.

112
Q

characteristic of prokaryotes.

113
Q

In bacterial cell a chemically complex cell envelope is present, which consist of three layers, these are

A

outermost is Glycocalyx, middle one cell wall

inner innermost is the cell membrane

114
Q

Glycocalyx may be as loose sheath in some bacteria

A

slime layer

115
Q

Glycocalyx may be thick and tough

116
Q

Plasma membrane is semi-permeable having mesosome in form of

A

vesicles, tubules and lamellae

117
Q

vesicles, tubules and lamellae help in

A

cell wall formation, DNA replication and distribution to daughter cells

118
Q

Motile bacterial cell contains flagella, which is composed

A

filament, hook and basal body

119
Q

help the bacteria in attach with host and other substance

A

Pili and fimbriae

120
Q

site of protein synthesis.

121
Q

attached with mRNA to form a chain called

A

polyribosomes.

122
Q

Reserved materials in prokaryotic cells are present in cytoplasm as cell inclusion bodies, which may contain

A

phosphate, granules, glycogen granules etc

123
Q

found in blue green algae and purple and green photosynthetic bacteria

A

Gas vacuoles

124
Q

Eukaryotic cells are present in

A

Protista, plants, Animals and Fungi

125
Q

Eukaryotic cells have genetic materials that are arranged in

A

chromosomes

126
Q

composed of lipids and that are arranged in bilayer

A

CELL MEMBRANE

127
Q

A lipid component

is mainly composed on

A

phosphoglycerides

128
Q

Membrane protein may be

A

integral or peripheral

129
Q

remains buried in

membrane

A

Integral protein

130
Q

lies of surface

A

peripheral protein

131
Q

who proposed fluid mosaic model.

A

Singer and Nicholson (1972)

132
Q

According to this
model the quasi-fluid nature of lipid enables lateral movement of within the bilayer
of lipids

A

fluid mosaic model

133
Q

tubular scattered structure scattered in the cytoplasm.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

134
Q

bears ribosomes on its surface

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

135
Q

involved in

protein synthesis and secretion

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

136
Q

does not bear ribosomes on its surface

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

137
Q

involved in lipid synthesis and steroidal hormones

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

138
Q

GOLGI APPARATUS was first observed by

A

Camillo Golgi in 1898

139
Q

consist

of many flat, disc-shaped sacs or cisternae staked parallel to each other

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

140
Q

the site for synthesis of Glycoproteins and glycolipids

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

141
Q

e membrane bound vesicular structure formed by process of packaging
in the Golgi apparatus

142
Q

rich in hydrolytic enzyme- lipase, protease, carbohydrases active at acidic PH

143
Q

enzymes are capable of digesting carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

144
Q

membrane bound space found in cytoplasm water, sap and excretory product bounded by single membrane

145
Q

They form contractile vacuole and food vacuole in

many organisms.

146
Q

double membrane bound structure with the outer membrane and inner membrane dividing its lumen in two compartments

A

MITOCHONDRIA

147
Q

are sites for aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

148
Q

has highly extended, elaborate nucleoprotein fibers called chromatin nuclear matrix and nucleoli

149
Q

Some chromosomes have non-staining secondary contraction at certain location. This gives a small fragment

Microbiology and parasitology (3 decks)

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