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Microbiology and parasitology > ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS > Flashcards

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chemicals used to treat microbial infections

A

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

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2
Q

resistance that develops through mutation or acquisition of new genes

A

acquired resistance

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3
Q

an antimicrobial drug used to treat a disease caused by bacteria

A

antibacterial drug

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4
Q

a compound naturally produced by certain molds and bacteria that inhibits the growth or kills other microorganism

A

antibiotic

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5
Q

a chemical that inhibits the growth of or kills microorganisms. This terms encompasses antibiotics and chemically synthesized drugs

A

antimicrobial drug (or antimicrobial)

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6
Q

a drug that interferes with the replication of viruses. all antiviral drugs are chemically synthesized; none are antibiotics

A

antiviral drug

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7
Q

an antimicrobial drug that kills bacteria

A

bactericidal drug

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8
Q

an antimicrobial drug that inhibits the growth of the bacteria

A

bacteriostatic drug

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9
Q

an antimicrobial that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms often including both Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial

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10
Q

a chemical used to treat a disease

A

chemotherapeutic agent

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11
Q

resistance due to an inherent characteristics of the microorganism

A

intrinsic resistance

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12
Q

an antimicrobial that is effective against a limited range of microorganism

A

Narrow-spectrum antimicrobial

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13
Q

A plasmid that encodes resistance to one or more antimicrobial drugs

A

R plasmid

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14
Q

a measure expressing the relative toxicity of a chemotherapeutic drug. It is the lowest dose toxic to the patient divided by the dose used for therapy

A

Therapeutic index

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15
Q

Cause greater harm to microorganisms than to host

A

Selective Toxicity

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16
Q

inhibit growth of microorganisms

A

Bacteriostatic

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17
Q

Kill microorganisms

A

Bactericidal

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18
Q

Antimicrobial Action

A

Bacteriostatic; Bactericidal

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19
Q

kill only limited range

A

Narrow-spectrum antimicrobial

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20
Q

kill wide range of microorganisms

A

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial

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21
Q

action of one drug enhances the activity of another or vice versa

A

Synergistic

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22
Q

activity of one drug interferes with the action of another

A

Antagonistic

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23
Q

some people develop hypersensitivities to antimicrobials

A

Allergic Reactions

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24
Q

some antimicrobials toxic at high concentrations or cause adverse effects

A

Toxic Effects

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25
Q

b-lactam drugs include

A

penicillins and cephalosporins

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26
Q

very active against non-β-lactamase producing gram+ bacteria.

A

AMPICILLIN AND AMOXICILLIN

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27
Q
  • Used for treatment of meningitis, pneumonia, and septicemia.
  • Same mech and p’col as that of penicillins.
A

CEPHALOSPORINS

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28
Q

(for UTI) in case of antibacterial resistance

A

Cefadroxil

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29
Q

Resistant to inactivation by β-lactamases and used in severe infections (others ineffective)

A

Cefuroxime

30
Q

wide range of activity against gram- including Pseudomonas aeruginosa), but is less active than cefurozime against gram+ bact (S aureus).

A

Ceftazidime

31
Q

• Not well absorbed orally.
• Inhibits peptidoglycan formation.
• Active against most gram+ organisms.
• I.V. treatment for septicemia or endocarditis caused by MRSA.
• Used for pseudomembranous colitis (superinfection of the bowel by Clostridium
difficile – produces a toxin that damages the colon mucosa)

A

VANCOMYCIN

32
Q

bind to 30S subunit causing it to distort and malfunction; blocks initiation of translation

A

Aminoglycosides

33
Q

bind to 30S subunit blocking attachment of tRNA

A

Tetracyclines

34
Q

bind 50S subunit and prevents protein synthesis from continuing

A

Macrolides

35
Q

used for acute, life-threatening gram- infections. Has synergism
with pen and van and combo

A

Gentamicin

36
Q

used for bacteria that are gent-resistant

A

Amikacin

37
Q

less toxic than gentamicin.

A

Netilmicin

38
Q

too toxic for parenteral use. Used for topically for skin infections
and orally for sterilizing bowel before surgery.

A

Neomycin

39
Q

active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. But because of its ototoxicity, rifampicin replaces

A

Streptomycin

40
Q

resistance develops quickly alone; so, with TB, combine with
isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for the 1st 2 mos of treatment, followed
by another 4 mos with rifampicin and isoniazid

A

Rifampicin

41
Q
  • Very safe drugs.

* Usually given orally.

A

MACROLIDES

42
Q

macrolides example drugs

A

Erythromycin and clarithromycin

43
Q

in high doses, may cause nausea and vomiting

A

Erythromycin

44
Q

very long t1/2 (~40-60 hr) and a single dose is as effective in
treating chlamydial non-specific urethritis as tretracycline admin over 7 days,

A

Azithromycin

45
Q

• Broad-spectrum.
• Penetrate microorganisms well.
• Sensitive organisms accumulate it through partly passive diffusion and partly
through active transport.
• Resistant organisms develop an efflux pump and do not accumulate the drug.
• Genes for tet-resistance transmitted by plasmids.
• Closely assoc with those for other drugs to which the organisms will also be
resistant (e.g., sulphonamides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol).
• Tets bind to Ca in growing bones and teeth → can discolor teeth. So, should be
avoided in children < 8 yrs old

A

TETRACYCLINES

46
Q

• Broad-spectrum.
• Serious side-effects: bone marrow aplasia, suppression of RBCs, WBCs,
encephalopathy, optic neuritis.
• So, periodic blood counts required, especially in high doses.
• Large Vd, including CNS.
• Inhibits the actions of other drugs and may increase the actions of phenytoin,
sulphonylureas, and warfarin.
• Neonates cannot met the drug rapidly → accumulation →‘grey baby’ syndrome
(pallor, abdominal distension, vomiting, and collapse

A

CHLORAMPHENICOL

47
Q

inhibit enzymes that maintain the supercoiling of closed

circular DNA

A

Fluoroquinolones

48
Q

block prokaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from initiating
transcription

A

Rifamycins

49
Q

well-absorbed orally. Used to treat UTIs.

A

Sulfadiazine

50
Q

SULPHONAMIDES- Adverse effects

A

allergic rxns, skin rashes, fever

51
Q

used for UTIs and Resp TIs

A

Trimethoprin

52
Q

used mostly for pneumonia,

neocarditis, and toxoplasmosis

A

Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprin + sulfamethoxazole)

53
Q

• Inhibit DNA gyrase.
• Nalidixic acid – used only for UTIs.
• Ciprofloxin (6-fluoro substituent) that greatly enhances its effectiveness against
both gram- and gram+ bacteria.
• Well-absorbed both orally and I.V.
• Eliminated largely unchanged by the kidneys.
• Side-effects (headache, vomiting, nausea) are rare; but convulsions may occur

A

QUINOLONES (GABA ANTAGONISTS)

54
Q

against anaerobic bacteria and protozoan infections

A

Metronidazole

55
Q

longer duration of action

A

Tinidazole

56
Q

Diffuses into the organism where the nitro group is reduced → chemically reactive
intermediates are formed that inhibit DNA synthesis and/or damage DNA

A

5-NITROIMIDAZOLES

57
Q

binds to membrane of G- bacteria and alters permeability
• This leads to leakage of cellular contents and cell death
• These drugs also bind to eukaryotic cells to some extent, which limits their use to
topical applications

A

Polymyxin B

58
Q

nterferes with replication of influenza A by inhibiting the
transmembrane M2 protein that is essential for uncoating the virus
Has a narrow spectrum; so, flu vaccine is usually preferable

A

Amantadine

59
Q

– inhibits both influenza A and B neuraminadase. Decr duration of
symptoms if given within 48 hr of the onset of symptoms. Prophylactic in healthy
adults.

A

Zanamivir

60
Q

Human Ig contains specific Abs against superficial Ags of
viruses → can interfere with their entry into host cells. Protection against hepA,
measles, and rubellla (German measles)

A

Immunoglobulins

61
Q

used to treat genital herpes

A

Acyclovir

62
Q

used for treatment of cytomegaloviral infections of the eye

A

Cidofovir

63
Q

used to treat Hepatitis B

A

Lamivudine

64
Q

• HSV and VZV contain a thymidine kinase (TK) that → acyclovir to a monophosphate
—→ phosphorylated by host cell enzymes to acycloguanosine triphosphate, which
inhibits viral DNA pol and viral DNA synthesis.
• Selectively toxic (TK of uninfected host cells activates only a little of the drug).
• Viral enzymes have a much higher affinity than the host enzymes for the drug.
• Effective against HSV, but does not eradicate them.
• Need high doses to treat shingles.

A

ACYCLOVIR

65
Q

• Quite toxic (neutropenia) –so, given only for severe CMV infections in
immunosuppressed patients.
• CMV is resistant to acyclovir because it does not code for TK

A

GANCICLOVIR

66
Q

Currently implies a drug used to treat HIV

A

ANTIRETROVIRALS

67
Q

nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor

A

Tenofovir

68
Q
  • nucleoside analog – inhibits RT of HIV and is only used orally for AIDS
A

Zidovudine

69
Q
  • inhibitors of the
    enzyme neuominidase
    Used to treat influenza
A

Zanamivir (Relenza) and Oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu)

70
Q

protease inhibitors. Inhibit the synthesis of essential viral proteins (e.g.,
RT) by viral-specific proteases.

A

Indinavir

71
Q

• Cells infected by a virus often produce interferon, which inhibits further spread of
the infection

A

Interferons

72
Q

drug for treatment of viral hepatitis infections

A

Alpha-interferon

Microbiology and parasitology (3 decks)

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