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Infection (Milly's) > Introduction To Microbes > Flashcards

Introduction To Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 microorganism causing human disease? List them in size order (small to large)

A

Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

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2
Q

What method is used to view bacteria?

A

Oil immersion microscopy

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3
Q

What are prions?

A

Proteins (v small) capable of generating copies of themselves

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4
Q

Name types of microorganisms that need a host cell to survive? (4)

A

Viruses, mycoplasma, chlamydiae, rickettsiae

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5
Q

Why are mitochondria technically a bacteria?

A

Because they are derived form bacteria

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6
Q

What is the lipid bilayer on the outside of a virus called?

A

The envelope

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7
Q

What does the protein coat on a virus do?

A

Protects the genetic material

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8
Q

What type of genetic code does a virus have?

A

Either DNA or RNA

But not both

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9
Q

What are the spikes on the outside of a virus for?

A

For attaching to specific cell surfaces

Helps binding to host cells

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of DNA virus classification?

A

Single-stranded, non enveloped
Double stranded, non enveloped
Double stranded, enveloped

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11
Q

How might enveloped viruses be disprupted?

A

With chemicals ie alcohol

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12
Q

What is tissue tropism?

A

the cells and tissues of a host which support growth of a particular viruses.
Some viruses have a broad tissue tropism and can infect many types of cells and tissues.
Other viruses may infect primarily a single tissue

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13
Q

What type of genetic code is found within bacteria?

A

DNA

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14
Q

How is antimicrobial resistance transmitted between bacteria?

A

Conjugation

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15
Q

What is a Bacterium’s capsule made of?

A

Polysaccharides

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16
Q

What is the function of bacteria’s capsules?

A

Protect against immunological attack

NB:it is possible to find different strains of capsules for the same organisms. Equally so you can find non-capsulated strains of the same bacteria

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17
Q

What is a bacterium’s ‘tail’ called?

A

Bacterial flagellum

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18
Q

What are the 3 layers of a bacterium surrounding the organism?

A

Plasma membrane (innermost)
Cell wall
Capsule

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19
Q

What are the projections found on bacteria called?

A

Pili

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20
Q

What are the 3 bacterial shapes?

A

Coccus (cocci pl.)-circle
Bacillus (bacilli pl.)-rods (rectangles)
Spirillus- long lines in a wave/spiral

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21
Q

How are bacilli bacteria often found?

A

As singular isolated cells

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of cocci bacteria arrangements?

A

Clusters and chains

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23
Q

What is a gram stain?

A

Gram staining is a common technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents

24
Q

What are the possible results from a gram stain and how are they identified?

A 
Gram positive (stains purple)
Gram negative (stains red)
25
Q

What does a gram positive result mean for the structure of a bacterium?

A

The cell wall contains a peptidoglycan layer (external to the plasma membrane and next to periplasmic space)

26
Q

What does a gram negative stain mean for the structure of the bacterium?

A

It means there is still a peptidoglycan layer but it is much smaller and there is an outer membrane as well

27
Q

What types of organisms cannot be identified using a gram stain and why?

A

Those lacking a cell wall such as mycoplasma

28
Q

How is a gram stain performed?

A
  • add positive charge crystal violet ( bind to negative cell components- wall proteins)
  • add iodine= crystal violet complex if formed. Crystalises dye in cell wall (stops it from being washed out)

(ALL bacterial cells are stained purple)

  • add methanol/acetone- removes crystal violet unless cell wall is very thick- thicker wall = less likely methanol/acetone will remove purple crystals
    gram-positive organisms retain the stain (stay purple) whereas gram-negative species lose the stain, becoming colourless.

-Add red (safranin) stains to colour the clear, gram-negative, bacteria pink or red

29
Q

What are the two classifications of bacteria according to their oxygen tolerance?

A

Aerobes

Anaerobes

30
Q

What are aerobes?

A

Bacteria that can survive in the presence of oxygen

31
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Bacteria that require oxygen for survival, they absolutely rely on it!

32
Q

What are anaerobes?

A

Bacteria that can survive in the absence of oxygen

33
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe?

A

Bacteria that requires oxygen free environments to survive, oxygen is ‘poisonous’

34
Q

In what situation can an obligate anaerobe tolerate oxygen?

A

If they’re able to form spores

35
Q

What is a spore?

A

A dormant form of bacterial life

a rounded resistant form adopted by a bacterial cell in adverse conditions

36
Q

What are the two types of parasites? What are the difference?

A

Protozoa (unicellular) and helminths (worms, multicellular)

37
Q

Give an example of a protozoa parasite

A

Sarcodina

38
Q

Give an example of a helminth parasite

A

Threadworm

39
Q

Give an example of a yeast fungus

A

Torula

40
Q

Give an example of a mould fungus

A

Acremonium

41
Q

Give an example of a bacterium

A

E.Coli

42
Q

Give an example of a virus

A

HIV

43
Q

What are the two classifications of fungi? What is the difference between them?

A

Yeast (unicellular)

Molds (multicellular)

44
Q

Why is it difficult to treat fungi?

A

Because they are eukaryotes and it is difficult to target just the fungal cells and not our own

45
Q

What is hyphae?

A

a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, collectively called a mycelium

46
Q

What type of fungi have hyphae?

A

Molds

47
Q

What is bacterial pathogenesis?

A

process by which bacteria infect and cause disease in a host

48
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

Molecules produced by bacteria/fungi/viruses/protozoa that add to their effectiveness and enable them to:

  • colonise a host
  • achieve immunoevasion
  • achieve immunosuppression
  • enter and exit cells
  • obtain nutrition from the host
49
Q

Name some virulence factors used by bacteria (4)

A
  • host entry (capsule)
  • adherence to host cells (pili)
  • invasiveness (enzyme)
  • iron sequestration (siderophores)
50
Q

What two types of toxins are used in bacterial pathogenesis?

A

Exotoxins and endotoxins

51
Q

What are exotoxins? Give an example

A

toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings (deliberately released by bacteria)

Diphtheria toxin

52
Q

What is the human papilloma virus associated with? (2)

A

Warts and cervical cancer

53
Q

What are helicobacter pylori associated with?

A

Stomach ulcers

54
Q

What must a virus have in order to count as a virus?

A

A capsid/coat of proteins

55
Q

What are endotoxins? Give an example

A

Given out during cell death (lipopolysaccharides)

Infection (Milly's) (32 decks)

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