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[ ESA 3- Infection and Immunity > Introduction To Microbes > Flashcards

Introduction To Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

What categories can the microorganisms responsible for human disease be broken down into?

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

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2
Q

Give an example of a virus?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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3
Q

Give an example of a bacteria

A

Nisseria Meningitidis

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4
Q

Give an example of a fungi

A

Thrush

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5
Q

Give an example of a parasite

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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6
Q

What does plasmodium falciparum cause?

A

Malaria

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7
Q

What are viruses?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites without a cellular structure

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8
Q

What do viruses consist of?

A

Molecule(s) of either DNA or RNA (but not both) surrounded by a protein coat
May also have an envelope

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9
Q

What is a viruses envelope derived from?

A

The plasma membrane of the host cell from which its released

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10
Q

What do viruses do?

A

Hijack the host’s mechanisms for creating mRNA and production of proteins to reproduce

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11
Q

What is the classification of viruses based on?

A

Their structure

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12
Q

What structural features can viruses be classified based on?

A 
Single or double stranded
Enveloped or not 
Positive or negative strand
Icosahedral or helical 
DNA or RNA
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13
Q

Give an example of a single-stranded, non-enveloped DNA virus

A

Parvovirus 19

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14
Q

What can parvovirus 19 cause?

A

Mild infections in children

Fetal development issues in pregnant women

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15
Q

Give two examples of double-stranded, non-enveloped DNA viruses

A

Adenovirus

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

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16
Q

What can adenovirus cause?

A

Pharyngitis
Conjunctivitis
Infantile gastroenteritis

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17
Q

What does HPV induce?

A

Hyperplastic epithelial lesions of either cutaneous or mucosal epithelium

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18
Q

What do a small number of HPV virus types produce?

A

Lesions that have a risk of progressing to malignancy

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19
Q

Give an example of a malignancy that can arise from HPV infection

A

Cervical carcinoma

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20
Q

Give two examples of double-stranded, enveloped DNA viruses

A

Herpes

Hepatitis B

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21
Q

What are the types of herpes infections?

A

Primary HSV-1
Latent HSV-1
Primary HSV-2
Latent HSV-2

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22
Q

What can primary HSV-1 infections cause?

A

Tonsillitis and pharyngitis in adults

Gingivostomatitis in young children with ulcer forming usually in the oropharynx

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23
Q

What can latent HSV-1 infections cause?

A

‘Cold sores’ to appear on or around the lips

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24
Q

What can primary HSV-2 infections cause?

A

Lesions in the genital tract, similar to those found in the oropharynx in primary HSV-1 infections

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25
What can latent HSV-2 infections cause?
Often asymptomatic
26
What does hepatitis B cause?
Acute hepatitis and later chronic liver disease
27
Give two examples of single-stranded, positive strand, icosahedral, non-enveloped RNA viruses?
Hepatitis A/E virus | Norovirus
28
How is hepatitis A/E most commonly spread?
Through fecally contaminated waters
29
What does the hepatitis A/E virus cause?
Hepatitis and impaired liver function
30
What is norovirus also known as?
The winter vomiting bug
31
What is norovirus the leading cause of?
Acute gastroenteritis
32
Where is norovirus common?
In closed environments, such as schools, hospitals, prisons, and cruise ships
33
Give 3 examples of single-stranded, positive strand, icosahedral or helical, enveloped RNA viruses
HIV Hepatitis C Rubella
34
How is HIV transmitted?
Sexually Exchange of blood produces Perinatally
35
How is HIV transmitted perinatally?
Transplacentally During passage through the birth canal By breastfeeding
36
What does HIV cause?
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
37
What does HIV and AIDS allow?
Increasingly frequent and serious opportunistic infections to occur
38
What does the hepatitis C virus cause?
Destruction of liver cells
39
How does the hepatitis C virus cause destruction of liver cells?
Through viral replication and host response
40
How hepatitis C transmitted?
Via the blood
41
How is the rubella virus spread?
Via respiratory secretions
42
What does the rubella virus result in?
German measles
43
What can the rubella virus cause in the developing fetus?
Extreme congenital defects
44
When can the rubella virus cause extreme congenital defects?
During the first trimester, when a pregnant woman is infected
45
Give four examples of single stranded, negative strand, helical, enveloped RNA viruses?
Ebola Measles Mumps Influenza
46
How is the measles virus spread?
Respiratory droplets
47
What does the measles virus cause?
Fever Cough Eventually a rash
48
How is the mumps virus spread?
Respiratory droplets
49
What does the mumps virus cause?
Swelling of the parotid glands
50
How is influenza spread?
Respiratory droplets
51
What does influenza cause?
Fever Muscle aches Extreme drowsiness
52
Give an example of double-stranded, icosahedral, non-enveloped RNA virus
Rotavirus
53
What does rotavirus cause?
Severe viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children
54
What are bacteriophages?
A class of virus that infect bacteria
55
Where do bacteriophages play a key role?
Transmitting genetic material between different types of bacteria
56
What are true bacteria also known as?
Eubacteria
57
What kind of organisms are true bacteria?
Prokaryotic
58
What common structural organelles do most bacteria share?
``` Capsule Cell wall Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Plasmid Pili Bacterial flagellum Nucleoid (circular DNA) ```
59
Do all bacteria possess a capsule or flagellum?
No
60
What is the classification of bacteria based on?
Their overall shape identified under a microscope
61
What are the classifications of bacteria?
Coccus Spirillus Bacillus
62
What shape are cocci?
Circular
63
What shape are spirillus?
Spiral
64
What shape are bacillus?
Rods
65
How can cocci be arranged?
Clusters Chains Pairs
66
What is the bacterium called when it has cocci arranged in clusters?
Staph
67
What is the bacterium called when it has cocci arranged in chains?
Strep
68
What is the bacterium called when it has cocci arranged in pairs?
Diplo
69
What is used to help make bacteria visible under a light microscope?
A technique known as the Gram stain
70
What colour do gram positive bacteria appear with a gram stain?
Blue/violet
71
What colour do gram negative bacteria appear with a gram stain?
Red
72
What is whether a bacteria is gram negative or gram positive determined by?
The composition of its surrounding wall and membranes
73
What does the cell membrane of gram positive bacteria consist of?
Plasma membrane Periplasmic space Peptidoglycan
74
What does the cell membrane of gram negative bacterium consist of?
Plasma membrane Periplasmic space Peptidoglycan Outer membrane
75
What does the outer membrane of gram negative bacterium consist of?
Lipopolysaccharide and protein
76
How does the cell membrane of a gram positive bacterium differ from a gram negative?
Thicker peptidolycan wall
77
What is the result of the thicker peptidoglycan wall of the gram positive bacterium?
Often causes host response
78
How can the cell wall of gram negative bacterium cause disease?
Present of lipopolysaccharides, which often acts as endotoxins
79
How do bacteria vary in their oxygen tolerance?
Aerobes can survive in the presence of oxygen, whereas anaerobes can survive in the absence of oxygen
80
What are obligate aerobes?
Bacteria that require oxygen to survive
81
What are obligate anaerobes?
Bacteria that require an oxygen free environment for survival
82
When can obligate anaerobes survive in an oxygen rich environment?
If they can form spores
83
On what characteristics can a bacteria be identified?
Gram staining Shape Arrangement
84
What can be done by identifying a bacterias characteristics?
Allows clinicians to narrow down the antimicrobials that should be used
85
Give 6 medically important gram positive cocci
``` Staph aureus Coagulase negative staph Alpha-haemolytic streptococci Beta-haemolytic streptococci Streptococcus pneumoniae Enterococcus faecalis ```
86
Give an example of a beta-haemolytic streptococci
Strep pyogenes
87
Give 4 medically important gram negative cocci
Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baeumannii
88
Give 3 medically important gram positive bacilli
Listeria monocytogenes Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus
89
Give 6 medically important gram negative bacilli
``` Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus species Salmonella typhi Pseudomonas aeruginosa Haemophilus influenzae ```
90
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of chromosomes?
Prokaryotes are circular, usually single, and extra-chromosomal DNA may also be present (plasmids). Eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes
91
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of their nucleus?
Prokaryotes have no nuclear envelope or nucleoli, whereas eukaryotes have membrane bound nucleoli present
92
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of membrane-bound organelles?
Prokaryotes do not have them, whereas eukaryotes do
93
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of cell wall?
Prokaryotes usually have a cell wall present, whereas eurkaryotes only have them in plant cells
94
What may the prokaryote cell wall contain?
Peptidoglycan
95
Do eukaryote cell walls have peptidoglycan?
No
96
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of plasma membrane?
In prokaryotes, there is no carbohydrates and most lack sterols. In eukaryotes, sterols and carbohydrates present
97
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of ribosomes?
Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, eukaryotes have 80S (but 70S in organelles)
98
What are yeasts?
Single-celled fungi
99
Give three examples of yeasts
Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Pneumocystis jiroveci
100
What are molds?
Multicellular fungi
101
Give two examples of molds
Aspergillus species | Dermatophytes
102
Give two examples of dematophytes
Ringworm | Athletes foot
103
What are protozoa?
Single celled parasites
104
Give 4 examples of protozoa
Giardia lamnbia Cryptosporidium falciparum Plasmodium falciparum Typanosoma cruzi
105
What are helminths?
Multicellular parasites, worms
106
Give three examples of helminths
Roundworms Tapeworms Flukes

[ ESA 3- Infection and Immunity (15 decks)

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