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MCBM- Exam 1 > Introduction to Metabolism and Nutrition > Flashcards

Introduction to Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of vitamins

A

Enzyme cofactors

Antioxidants

Ligands for hormone receptors

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2
Q

Functions of minerals and trace elements

A

Bone mineralization

Muscle contraction

Production of ATP, enzyme, and protein cofactors

Cellular transport

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3
Q

Components of carbohydrates

A

Mono, di, and poly saccharides

Fiber

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4
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

Energy production

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5
Q

Function of amino acids

A

Protein synthesis

Carbons for glucose

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6
Q

Function of fats

A

Energy production

Absorption of fat soluble vitamins

Prostaglandin synthesis

Components of cell membrane

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7
Q

What is the effect of consumption of trans fatty acids

A

High LDL

Low HDL

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8
Q

What is the effect of saturated fatty acids?

A

High LDL

Little effect on HDL

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9
Q

What is the effect of monosaturated fatty acid?

A

Low LDL

Maintain or increase HDL

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10
Q

What is the effect of omgea-6 fatty acids

A

Low LDL

High HDL

Provide arachidonic acid = precursor of leukotrienes and prostaglandins

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11
Q

What is the effect of omega 3 fatty acids

A

Little effect on LDL and HDL

Supress cardiac arrhythmia

Reduce serum triglycerides

Decrease tendency of thrombosis

Lower blood pressure

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12
Q

What fatty acids lead to a decrease in incidence of coronary artery disease

A

monosaturated fatty acid

Polysaturated omga-3

Polysaturated omega-6

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13
Q

What are AMDRs

A

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

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14
Q

What are the beneficial effects of fiber

A

Reduces consipation –> reduces risk for diverticulitis

Increases bowel motility –> reduces risk for colon cancer

Decreases absorption of dietary fat and cholesterol –> reduces risk for cardiovascular disease

Delays gastric emptying

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15
Q

What are DRIs?

A

Dietary reference intake

Set of dietary reference values designed to prevent deficiencies and maintain health

Refer to long-term average daily nutrient intakes

Designated for specific age group, physiologic states, and gender

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16
Q

What are the dietary reference intake (DRI) standards?

A

Estimated average requirement

Recommended dietary allowance

Adequate intake

Tolerable upper level intake

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17
Q

What is EAR?

A

Estimated average requirement

Average daily intake level adequate for 50% of the healthy individuals in a specific life stage and gender group

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18
Q

What is RDA?

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance

Average daily intake level adequate for almost all healthy individuals in specific life stage and gender group

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19
Q

What is AI?

A

Adequate intake

Estimated range of intake when RDA or EAR cannot be established due to insufficient scientific evidence

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20
Q

What is the only DRI value that is a range?

A

AI- Adequate intake

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21
Q

What is UL?

A

Tolerable upper level intake

Highest average daily intake level with no adverse effects to almost all individuals (useful supplements and fortified foods)

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22
Q

kcal/g of carbs, fats, and proteins

A

Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/g

Fats: 9 kcal/g

Proteins: 4 kcal/g

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23
Q

What is DIT?

A

Diet induced thermogenesis

Energy expenditure process of food

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24
Q

What are the 3 main uses of energy in the human body?

A

Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Thermic effect of food

Physical activity

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25
Q

What is RMR?

A

Resting metabolic rate

Energy expenditure of a resting, post-absorptive individual

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26
Q

What is the thermic effect of food?

A

Energy expenditure to process food

27
Q

What is included in physical activity?

A

Energy expenditure during exercise

Amount of expenditure depends on duration and intensity

28
Q

What is TEE?

A

Total energy expenditure over a 24 hour period

Is equal to RMR + TEF + Physical activity

29
Q

If TEE is = intake

A

You have energy balance

30
Q

If TEE is greater than intake?

A

Use use stores of energy –> weight loss

31
Q

If TEE is less than intake

A

Store excess –> weight gain

32
Q

TEE is equal or greater than intake

A

By increasing physical activity and/or decreasing energy intake

33
Q

Fatty acids and carbs are stored in the body as

A

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) in adipose tissue

34
Q

Carbohydrates are stored in the body as

A

Glycogen

35
Q

Glycogen vs Triacylglycerols

A

Glycogen is stored in muscle and liver and are more hydrated

Triacylglycerols are stored in adipose tissue

36
Q

BMI is calculated as

A

Weight (kg)/ [height (m)]^2

Weight (lb)/ [height (in)]^2 x 703

37
Q

What is BMI values are considered overweight and obese

A

Overweight: 25-29.9

Obese: 30+

38
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum total of chemical and physical changes

39
Q

What are the goals of metabolism?

A

Energy generation and synthesis of macromolecules

40
Q

Catabolic pathways require ATP ___

Anabolic pathways require ATP ___

A

Catabolic: ATP synthesis (ADP + Pi –> ATP)

Anabolic: ATP hydrolysis (ATP + H2O –> ADP + Pi or AMP + PPi)

41
Q

If the energy change of a cell is close to 1

A

The cell is energy efficient

42
Q

If the energy of a cell is close to 0

A

The cell is energy depleted

43
Q

If ATP levels are low, __ pathways are on

A

Catabolic

44
Q

If ATP levels are high, __ pathways are on

A

Anabolic

45
Q

How is metabolism regulated?

A

Substrate availability and accessibility

Enzyme activity

46
Q

How can enzyme activity be regulated?

A

Allosteric regulation

Covalent modification

Induction and repression by hormones

47
Q

Allosteric bonds are ___ and have a __ effect

A

Non-covalent bonds

Transient effect

48
Q

The effector in allosteric regulation can be

A

Substrate or product in the same pathway

49
Q

What are types of allosteric regulation

A

Feed-forward stimulation

Feed-back inhibition

50
Q

Allosteric regualtion is __ and __ communication

A

fast acting and short-range

51
Q

Allosteric regulation allows enzymes and pathways to respond to __ signals

A

Intraceullar signals

52
Q

Covalent modification has a __ and __ effect

A

Reversible and transient effect

53
Q

Covalent modificaiton includes

A

Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation by kinases and phosphatases

54
Q

Kinases and phosphatases are regulaed by

A

Extracellular signals (hormones)

55
Q

Covalent modification is __ and __ communication

A

Fast-acting and long-range communication

56
Q

Covalent modification allows cell to respond to ___ signals

A

Extracellular signals

57
Q

Induction and repression leads to

A

Increase or decrease in intracellular enzyme levels (via mRNA and protein synthesis)

58
Q

How does induction and repression work?

A

Alters number of active sites in cell

59
Q

Reduction and repression has a __ effect

A

Permanent

60
Q

Induction and repression is mediated by

A

Hormones

61
Q

Induction and repression are ___ and ___ communication

A

Slow acting and long range

62
Q

Induction and repression allow cells to respond to ___ signals

A

Extracellular

63
Q

What is the committed step of a reaction?

A

First irreversible reaction unique to the pathway

64
Q

What is the most highly regulated enzyme in a pathway?

A

The enzyme catalyzing the committed step

MCBM- Exam 1 (7 decks)

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