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Enriched biology > Introduction to metabolism and cellular energy > Flashcards

Introduction to metabolism and cellular energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form or be transferred from one object to another

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2
Q

Fill in the blank: Energy transformations include _______.

A

[Chemical energy, Kinetic energy, Light energy]

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3
Q

Is energy transfer completely efficient?

A

No, some energy is lost as heat.

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4
Q

What type of energy is lost from metabolic reactions and homeostatic regulation?

A

Heat energy.

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5
Q

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe.

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6
Q

What does entropy measure?

A

Disorder.

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7
Q

What happens to usable energy as entropy increases?

A

It reduces usable energy available to do work.

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8
Q

How do living things relate to entropy?

A

Living things are highly ordered and have low entropy.

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9
Q

What is the fundamental unit of life?

A

Cell

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.

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10
Q

What is maintained by a constant input of energy in living things?

A

Low entropy

Living organisms maintain low entropy through energy input and organization.

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11
Q

What happens to the entropy of the surroundings when living things maintain low entropy?

A

It increases

The increase in entropy of the surroundings is a consequence of energy transformations in living systems.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: A large fraction of the energy transformed from fuel sources is released as _______.

A

Heat

Heat is a byproduct of energy transformations that helps maintain body temperature.

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13
Q

True or False: Living organisms do not affect the entropy of their surroundings.

A

False

Living organisms affect their surroundings by increasing entropy due to energy transformations.

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14
Q

What is the flow of energy through life?

A

Energy flows through life via chemical reactions that transform energy from one form to another

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15
Q

What is a primary producer?

A

An organism that converts solar energy into ATP and organic molecules

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16
Q

What do primary consumers obtain?

A

Primary consumers obtain organic molecules for ATP and organic molecules

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17
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy is the capacity to cause change and can be quantified and measured

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18
Q

What are the different types of energy?

A
  • Thermal Energy
  • Radiant Energy
  • Light Energy
  • Chemical Energy
  • Nuclear Energy
  • Electrical Energy
  • Gravitational Energy
  • Mechanical Energy
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19
Q

Energy that matter possesses because of its _______

A

position

This refers to potential energy.

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20
Q

Chemical energy is potential energy available for release in a _______

A

chemical reaction

This highlights the relationship between chemical energy and chemical reactions.

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21
Q

What type of energy is associated with motion?

A

Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of an object in motion.

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22
Q

Heat (thermal energy) is _______ energy with random movement of atoms or molecules.

A

kinetic

Thermal energy arises from the kinetic energy of particles.

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23
Q

On the platform, the diver has more _______ energy.

A

potential

This is due to the height of the diver above the water.

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24
Q

Diving converts potential energy to _______ energy.

A

kinetic

As the diver descends, the potential energy decreases while kinetic energy increases.

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25
Q

What does metabolism refer to?

A

All the chemical reactions that are required to maintain cell

Metabolism encompasses both catabolic and anabolic reactions.

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26
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

Reactions that break bonds between molecules

Catabolic reactions typically involve hydrolysis and digestion.

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27
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

A chemical process that involves breaking down compounds by the addition of water

Hydrolysis is a key reaction in catabolic pathways.

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28
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

Reactions that form bonds between molecules

Anabolic reactions include processes like dehydration synthesis.

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29
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

A chemical reaction that involves the formation of a bond by removing water

This process is fundamental in anabolic pathways.

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30
Q

What is the primary function of catabolic pathways?

A

To break down macromolecules into cellular building blocks

This process releases energy that can be used by the cell.

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31
Q

What do anabolic pathways do?

A

They build macromolecules from cellular building blocks

Anabolic pathways require energy input.

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32
Q

Fill in the blank: Catabolic reactions are primarily involved in _______.

A

breaking down molecules

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33
Q

Fill in the blank: Anabolic reactions are primarily involved in _______.

A

building molecules

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34
Q

True or False: Metabolism only includes catabolic reactions.

A

False

Metabolism includes both catabolic and anabolic reactions.

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35
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Large complex molecules essential for biological functions

Macromolecules include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

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36
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A series of chemical reactions in a cell, where the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction.

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37
Q

What is the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways?

A

Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.

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38
Q

What does Gibb’s Free Energy (G) measure?

A

The amount of usable energy available to do work.

39
Q

What factors affect Gibb’s Free Energy?

A

Temperature and pressure of a system.

40
Q

What does the change in Gibb’s Free Energy (ΔG) describe?

A

The maximum usable energy released or absorbed from the initial to the final state.

41
Q

In the reaction A + B → C + D, what are C and D called?

A

Products.

42
Q

What does ΔG = 0 indicate about a reaction?

A

The reaction is in a state of equilibrium.

43
Q

What does ΔH represent?

A

Change in Enthalpy.

44
Q

What does ΔS represent?

A

Change in Entropy.

45
Q

Fill in the blank: The product of one reaction is the _______ of the next enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

A

[substrate]

46
Q

True or False: Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.

A

False.

47
Q

What is the relationship between reactants and products in a metabolic pathway?

A

Reactants are converted into products through a series of enzymatic reactions.

48
Q

Fill in the blank: Change in Gibb’s free energy (ΔG) is calculated from the _______ to the final state.

A

[initial state]

49
Q

What is ATP

A

It’s the energy currency of the cell, The most abundant short term energy storing molecule

50
Q

What is the ATP structure

A

Ribose sugar (pentose sugar)
Adenine (Nitrogenous base)
3 phosphate groups

51
Q

what are some characteristics of ATP

A

-High energy covalent bonds between phosphate groups
-Most unstable between 2nd 3rd phosphates

52
Q

What is the ATP function

A

ATP releases energy when the bonds between the second and third phosphate groups are broken forming a molecule called Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi)

53
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

54
Q

What does ADP stand for

A

Adenosine diphosphate

55
Q

Adding a phosphate group is what

A

endergonic

56
Q

Breaking down a ATP releasing a phosphate is what

A

exergonic

57
Q

Where is most ATP produced

A

Mitochondria via cellular respiration

58
Q

What does an inorganic molecule cause when binding to another molecule

A

Conformational change or change in shape

59
Q

What is activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.

60
Q

What are activation energy’s functions

A

Destabilizes reactants
Allows reaction to move over “energy hill”
an source of energy is usually heat

61
Q

What is an example of a biological catalysts

A

Enzymez

62
Q

What are characteristics of an enzyme

A

Usually a protein
Facilitate chemical reactions
reduce activation energy
required for most biological reactions
highly specific
thousands of different enzymes in cells
control reactions for life

63
Q

True or false enzymes work together

A

True

64
Q

What is a substrate

A

Reactant which binds to enzymes

65
Q

What is an active site

A

Enzymes catalytic site

66
Q

What are the properties of enzymes

A

Reaction specific
Each enzyme works with a specific substrate
Chemical fit between active site and substrate
Hydrogen and ionic bond
A single enzyme can catalyze thousands of reactions per second

67
Q

True or false enzymes names are often ended in ase

A

True

68
Q

What is the lock and key slmodel

A

It’s where the substrate fits in to the 3 D structure of the enzymes active site like lock and key

69
Q

What is the induced for model

A

This is the more accurate model of enzyme.When the substrate binds to the enzyme it causes it to change shape which leads to a tighter fit

70
Q

What are mechanisms to lower activation energy and speed up reaction

A

Synthesis which orients substrates in correct position for reaction and digestion which binds substrate and puts stress on bonds what must be broken

71
Q

How come when an enzyme concentration is high there’s more reactions with substrates

A

Because enzymes more frequently collide with substrates causing more reactions

72
Q

When does the reaction rate of enzymes level off

A

When enzymes ran out of substrates

73
Q

What happens when there’s more substrates than enzymes

A

Reaction rate will increase because enzymes are reacting with more substrates

74
Q

True or false enzymes can not be reused

A

False

75
Q

How does temp effect reaction rates

A

If it is optimum temp the greatest number of collisions will happen. If it is above the optimum temp It will disrupt bonds between enzymes and substrates because the enzyme will denature causing it to lose its shape and if it’s bellow optimum temp there will be a decreased number of collisions because molecules will move slower

76
Q

What is a endotherm

A

An animal that will matain a constant body temp independent from the environment

77
Q

What is an ectotherm

A

Animals that depend on external sources of body heat

78
Q

How does PH effect enzymes

A

Adds or removes H+, disrupts bonds and 3D shape, effects the second and third structure and denatures proteins

79
Q

What is the optimum PH

A

For most human enzymes it’s 6-8 but it mainly depends on localized conditions
Pepsin (stomach) PH 2-3
Trypsin (small intestines) Ph 8

80
Q

How does salt concentration effect PH

A

Adds or removes Cations and anions
Disrupts bonds and 3D shape
Affects second and third structure

81
Q

True or false enzymes are usually tolerant of extreme salinity

A

false

82
Q

What are to examples of activators

A

Cofactors
Coenzymes

83
Q

What is the main difference between cofactors and co enzymes

A

Cofactors are inorganic while co enzymes are organic

84
Q

What are activators

A

Compounds which activates enzymes

85
Q

What are inhibitors

A

Molecules that reduce enzyme activity

86
Q

What are four examples of inhibitors

A

Competitive inhibition
Non competive inhibition
irreversible inhibition
feedback inhibition

87
Q

What is an competitive inhibitor

A

An inhibitor competes for an active site with the substrate

88
Q

What is an example of an inhibitor

A

penicillin

89
Q

What is an non competive inhibitor

A

An inhibitor that binds to site other then an active site which causes the enzyme to change shape leaving the enzyme inactive

90
Q

What is an example of an irreversible inhibitor

A

Cyadine

91
Q

What is a metabolic path way

A

A metabolic pathway is a interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate molecule or molecules through a series of metabolic intermediates, eventually yielding a final product or products.

92
Q

What is feedback inhibition

A

Regulation and coordination of production. The product has abused by a next step pathway where the final product is the inhibitor of an earlier enzyme

93
Q

What is an example of feedback inhibition

A

Synthesis of amino acid, isoleucine from amino acid, theroine the isoleucine becomes the aleatoric inhibitor of the first step in the path way as the product accumulates it collides with enzymes more often then a substrate does

Enriched biology (3 decks)

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