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Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define an atom

A

The smallest part of a substance that cannot be broken down chemically

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2
Q

What is a substance made of only one type of atom each with the same number of protons

A

Element

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3
Q

A thing that is composed of two or more separate elements

A

compound

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4
Q

What is a molecule

A

made up of elements and atoms

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5
Q

an atom or a molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss

A

ion

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6
Q

isotope

A

an element where the atoms have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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7
Q

the substance that is being dissolved

A

solute

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8
Q

solvent

A

the thing that is dissolving the substance

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9
Q

solution

A

a mixture of solute and substance

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10
Q

what is the atomic number

A

number of protons

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11
Q

what is the mass number

A

number of protons and neutrons

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12
Q

what are the four elements that make up 96% of the mass of living matter

A

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen

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13
Q

chemical behaviour depends on what

A

number of electrons in its valence shell

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14
Q

how are ionic bonds formed

A

when two oppositely charged ions attract one another

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15
Q

What is a covalent bond

A

occurs when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

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16
Q

are covalent bonds stable or not stable

A

stable

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17
Q

what is a non polar covalent bond

A

pair of electrons shared equally by 2 electrons due to electronegitiviaty differences

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18
Q

what is a polar covalent bond

A

a pair of electrons shared unequally by 2 atoms

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19
Q

what occurs between polar molecules

A

hydrogen bonding

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20
Q

what is an example of hydrogen bonding

A

water

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21
Q

hydrophilic=

A

loves water

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22
Q

hydrophobic=

A

scared of water

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23
Q

if [h+]= [~OH] water is

A

neutral

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24
Q

If [H+] >[-OH] water is

A

acidic

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25
Q

if [h+] >[-OH]

A

basic

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26
Q

pH is a measure of what

A

hydrogen

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27
Q

low pH = what

A

high acidity

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28
Q

why is a buffer important

A

it helps control pH levels helping the molecules keep the same shape

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29
Q

shape affects what in molecules

A

function

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30
Q

how does Thalidome affect birth

A

The stereoisomer in it caused birth defects

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31
Q

Hydroxyl

A

COOH

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32
Q

Carbonyl

A

C=O

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33
Q

Carbonyl

A

C=O

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34
Q

Amino

A

NH2

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35
Q

Sulfhydrl

A

SH

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36
Q

phosphate

A

PO4

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37
Q

what are the three type of bonds

A

ionic bonds
covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds

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38
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

occurs between a metal and a non metal that are formed when two oppositely charged ions attract one another

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39
Q

what’s a non polar covalent bond

A

pair of electrons shared equally by 2 atoms

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40
Q

what kind of bonds do water molecules form

A

hydrogen bonds

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41
Q

what are the 6 special properties of water

A

1:cohesion and adhesion
2:good solvent
3:lower density as a solid
4:specific heat
5:high heat vaporization
6; water is a buffer

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42
Q

how does h2o get to the top of trees

A

transpiration

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43
Q

what does each step represent on the ph scale

A

10 fold change in the hydrogen ion concentration

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44
Q

what is carbon made up of

A

72% H2O
25% carbon compounds
3% salts

45
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

combinations of c and h

46
Q

what are isomers

A

molecules with same molecular formula but different shape

47
Q

what are the functional groups

A

hydroxyl
carbonyl
carboxyl
amino
sulfhydrl
phosphate

48
Q

what are the three types of drawings that are typically used to draw molecules

A

ball and stick
lewis structure
line drawing

49
Q

what’s a hydroxyl compound

A

alcohols

50
Q

what is the carbonyl compound

A

aldehyde/keytones

51
Q

carboxyl compounds

A

carboxil acids

52
Q

amino compounds

A

amines

53
Q

sulfhydrl compounds

A

thiolis

54
Q

sulfhydrl compounds

A

thi plus

55
Q

phosplate compounds

A

organic phosphates

56
Q

what is a macro molecule

A

smaller organic molecules used to form larger molecules

57
Q

what are the 4 major classes of macromolecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

58
Q

what are polymers

A

long molecule that are built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain that are held together by covalent bonds

59
Q

how to build a polymer

A

dehydration synthesis

60
Q

how do you break down a polymer

A

hydrolysis or digestion

61
Q

what is carbohydrate composed of

A

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

62
Q

what are monosaccharides linked together by

A

covalent bonds

63
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates

A

fast energy
energy storage
structural support

64
Q

what is glycocidic linkage

A

the linkage between two monosaccharide unit through an oxygen atom

65
Q

what is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates

A

2 hydrogen for 1 oxygen

66
Q

what are simple sugars consisting one sugar known as

A

monosaccharides

67
Q

what is a monomer

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

68
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

large polymers

69
Q

what energy storage molecule is produced by plants

A

starch

70
Q

what is the process used to break down the energy storage molecules

A

hydros is or digestion

71
Q

what are lipids mostly composed of

A

Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen

72
Q

what are the five major groups of lipids

A

fats
phospholipids
steroids
waxes
glycolipids

73
Q

what are fats made up of

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

74
Q

what are glycerol and 3 fatty acids joined by

A

esther linkages

75
Q

what are triglycerides also known as

A

fats and oils

76
Q

what are the function of fats in the body

A

store energy
insulate
protect

77
Q

what’s the difference between fats and saturated fats

A

saturated fats do not contain double bonds

78
Q

what is phospholipids composed of

A

glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group

79
Q

what are phospholipids

A

hydrophilic heads attractedto h2o and the hydrophobic tails hide from the h2o

80
Q

what is the steroids structure

A

4 fused carbon rings plus different chemical groups attached

81
Q

what are the functions of cholesterol

A

helps keep cell membranes fluid and flexible

82
Q

what is the structure of waxes

A

composed of fatty acids and a long chain of alchol

83
Q

what is the glycolipids structure

A

composed of sugar, glycerol fatty acid

84
Q

what is the fatty acid found in solid fats at room temp

A

saturated

85
Q

what is protein mostly composed of

A

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

86
Q

the amino acid is a monomer of what

A

protein

87
Q

what is the 3 different parts of an amino structure

A

amino group, r side chain, carboxyl group

88
Q

each amino acid differs according to the

A

r side chain

89
Q

what does amino acid determine

A

the unique chalice property

90
Q

sulfur containing amino acid forms what

A

disulfide bridges

91
Q

amino acids are joined by what type of bond

A

peptide bonds

92
Q

what are the polypeptide chain direction

A

NH2 end
COOH end

93
Q

where is the place that protien folding takes place

A

endoplasmicreticulum

94
Q

what is the primary structure

A

chain of amino acids

95
Q

what is the secondary structure

A

the molecule that folds into an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet configuration

96
Q

what is the tertiary structure

A

distant amino acids attracted to eachother through hydrogen, ionic and covalent bonds

97
Q

what is the quaternary structure

A

more than one polypeptide chain

98
Q

structure affects what

A

function

99
Q

functions of proteins

A

enzymes
structure
carries and transports
cell communication
movement
defence

100
Q

what is the glycoproteins structure

A

composed of sugar and protien

101
Q

what is some examples of glycoproteins structure

A

helps immune system recognize cells as self or non self or helps cells attach to and bind other cells

102
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids

A

dna which has two strands and rna which has one

103
Q

what is nucleic acids composed of

A

c,h,n,o,p

104
Q

what are nucleotides made up of

A

nitrogen base, purine base; pyrmidine base

105
Q

what are the 3 groups of the nucleotide structure

A

phosphate group sugar nitrogen base

106
Q

what’s a double helix

A

two strands of dna joined to form a double helix

107
Q

bases always pair according to the rule

A

A-T C-G

108
Q

what is the function of a double helix

A

stores information
transfers informantion

Enriched biology (3 decks)

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