Biochemistry Flashcards
1
Q
Define an atom
A
The smallest part of a substance that cannot be broken down chemically
2
Q
What is a substance made of only one type of atom each with the same number of protons
A
Element
3
Q
A thing that is composed of two or more separate elements
A
compound
4
Q
What is a molecule
A
made up of elements and atoms
5
Q
an atom or a molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss
A
ion
6
Q
isotope
A
an element where the atoms have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
7
Q
the substance that is being dissolved
A
solute
8
Q
solvent
A
the thing that is dissolving the substance
9
Q
solution
A
a mixture of solute and substance
10
Q
what is the atomic number
A
number of protons
11
Q
what is the mass number
A
number of protons and neutrons
12
Q
what are the four elements that make up 96% of the mass of living matter
A
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
13
Q
chemical behaviour depends on what
A
number of electrons in its valence shell
14
Q
how are ionic bonds formed
A
when two oppositely charged ions attract one another
15
Q
What is a covalent bond
A
occurs when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
16
Q
are covalent bonds stable or not stable
A
stable
17
Q
what is a non polar covalent bond
A
pair of electrons shared equally by 2 electrons due to electronegitiviaty differences
18
Q
what is a polar covalent bond
A
a pair of electrons shared unequally by 2 atoms
19
Q
what occurs between polar molecules
A
hydrogen bonding
20
Q
what is an example of hydrogen bonding
A
water
21
Q
hydrophilic=
A
loves water
22
Q
hydrophobic=
A
scared of water
23
Q
if [h+]= [~OH] water is
A
neutral
24
Q
If [H+] >[-OH] water is
A
acidic
25
if [h+] >[-OH]
basic
26
pH is a measure of what
hydrogen
27
low pH = what
high acidity
28
why is a buffer important
it helps control pH levels helping the molecules keep the same shape
29
shape affects what in molecules
function
30
how does Thalidome affect birth
The stereoisomer in it caused birth defects
31
Hydroxyl
COOH
32
Carbonyl
C=O
33
Carbonyl
C=O
34
Amino
NH2
35
Sulfhydrl
SH
36
phosphate
PO4
37
what are the three type of bonds
ionic bonds
covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds
38
what is an ionic bond
occurs between a metal and a non metal that are formed when two oppositely charged ions attract one another
39
what’s a non polar covalent bond
pair of electrons shared equally by 2 atoms
40
what kind of bonds do water molecules form
hydrogen bonds
41
what are the 6 special properties of water
1:cohesion and adhesion
2:good solvent
3:lower density as a solid
4:specific heat
5:high heat vaporization
6; water is a buffer
42
how does h2o get to the top of trees
transpiration
43
what does each step represent on the ph scale
10 fold change in the hydrogen ion concentration
44
what is carbon made up of
72% H2O
25% carbon compounds
3% salts
45
what are hydrocarbons
combinations of c and h
46
what are isomers
molecules with same molecular formula but different shape
47
what are the functional groups
hydroxyl
carbonyl
carboxyl
amino
sulfhydrl
phosphate
48
what are the three types of drawings that are typically used to draw molecules
ball and stick
lewis structure
line drawing
49
what’s a hydroxyl compound
alcohols
50
what is the carbonyl compound
aldehyde/keytones
51
carboxyl compounds
carboxil acids
52
amino compounds
amines
53
sulfhydrl compounds
thiolis
54
sulfhydrl compounds
thi plus
55
phosplate compounds
organic phosphates
56
what is a macro molecule
smaller organic molecules used to form larger molecules
57
what are the 4 major classes of macromolecules
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
58
what are polymers
long molecule that are built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain that are held together by covalent bonds
59
how to build a polymer
dehydration synthesis
60
how do you break down a polymer
hydrolysis or digestion
61
what is carbohydrate composed of
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
62
what are monosaccharides linked together by
covalent bonds
63
what is the function of carbohydrates
fast energy
energy storage
structural support
64
what is glycocidic linkage
the linkage between two monosaccharide unit through an oxygen atom
65
what is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates
2 hydrogen for 1 oxygen
66
what are simple sugars consisting one sugar known as
monosaccharides
67
what is a monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
68
what is a polysaccharide
large polymers
69
what energy storage molecule is produced by plants
starch
70
what is the process used to break down the energy storage molecules
hydros is or digestion
71
what are lipids mostly composed of
Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen
72
what are the five major groups of lipids
fats
phospholipids
steroids
waxes
glycolipids
73
what are fats made up of
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
74
what are glycerol and 3 fatty acids joined by
esther linkages
75
what are triglycerides also known as
fats and oils
76
what are the function of fats in the body
store energy
insulate
protect
77
what’s the difference between fats and saturated fats
saturated fats do not contain double bonds
78
what is phospholipids composed of
glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group
79
what are phospholipids
hydrophilic heads attractedto h2o and the hydrophobic tails hide from the h2o
80
what is the steroids structure
4 fused carbon rings plus different chemical groups attached
81
what are the functions of cholesterol
helps keep cell membranes fluid and flexible
82
what is the structure of waxes
composed of fatty acids and a long chain of alchol
83
what is the glycolipids structure
composed of sugar, glycerol fatty acid
84
what is the fatty acid found in solid fats at room temp
saturated
85
what is protein mostly composed of
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
86
the amino acid is a monomer of what
protein
87
what is the 3 different parts of an amino structure
amino group, r side chain, carboxyl group
88
each amino acid differs according to the
r side chain
89
what does amino acid determine
the unique chalice property
90
sulfur containing amino acid forms what
disulfide bridges
91
amino acids are joined by what type of bond
peptide bonds
92
what are the polypeptide chain direction
NH2 end
COOH end
93
where is the place that protien folding takes place
endoplasmicreticulum
94
what is the primary structure
chain of amino acids
95
what is the secondary structure
the molecule that folds into an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet configuration
96
what is the tertiary structure
distant amino acids attracted to eachother through hydrogen, ionic and covalent bonds
97
what is the quaternary structure
more than one polypeptide chain
98
structure affects what
function
99
functions of proteins
enzymes
structure
carries and transports
cell communication
movement
defence
100
what is the glycoproteins structure
composed of sugar and protien
101
what is some examples of glycoproteins structure
helps immune system recognize cells as self or non self or helps cells attach to and bind other cells
102
what are the two types of nucleic acids
dna which has two strands and rna which has one
103
what is nucleic acids composed of
c,h,n,o,p
104
what are nucleotides made up of
nitrogen base, purine base; pyrmidine base
105
what are the 3 groups of the nucleotide structure
phosphate group sugar nitrogen base
106
what’s a double helix
two strands of dna joined to form a double helix
107
bases always pair according to the rule
A-T C-G
108
what is the function of a double helix
stores information
transfers informantion
