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Nutrition & Metabolsim > Introduction to Metabolism > Flashcards

Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breakdown of molecules to release energy.

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The synthesis of molecules to store energy?

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3
Q

What is the suffix of catabolic processes?

A

‘Lysis’

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4
Q

What is the suffix of anabolic processes?

A

‘Genesis’

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5
Q

Where does catabolism occur?

A

In the cytosol or mitochondria?

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6
Q

Where does anabolism occur?

A

Mostly in the cytosol.

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7
Q

What are the X4 stages of catabolism?

Which are aerobic and which are anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic =
1) Glycolysis

Aerobic =

2) Link reaction
3) Krebs/TCA/Citric acid cycle
4) Oxidative phosphorylation/Electron transport chain (ETC)

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8
Q

Glucose, fatty acids and amino acids all undergo different processes before entering the TCA cycle.

What pathway does glucose follow?

What molecule is produced at the end?

A

Glucose follows glycolysis.

It forms pyruvate.

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9
Q

Glucose, fatty acids and amino acids all undergo different processes before entering the TCA cycle.

What pathway do fatty acids follow?

What molecule is produced at the end?

A

Fatty acids follow the beta-oxidation pathway.

They produce acetyl CoA.

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10
Q

Glucose, fatty acids and amino acids all undergo different processes before entering the TCA cycle.

What pathway do amino acids follow?

What molecule is produced at the end?

A

Amino acids follow transamination.

They produce acetyl CoA.

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11
Q

What happens to pyruvate or acetate before entering the Krebs/TCA cycle?

A

1) Pyruvate is converted to acetate.

2) All acetate is converted to acetyl CoA in the link reaction so it can enter the TCA/Krebs cycle.

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12
Q

Where does beta-oxidation take place?

A

In the mitochondria.

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13
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

What molecule from glycolysis enters the mitochondria for the link reaction?

A

The cytosol.

Pyruvate.

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14
Q

Where do the link reaction, TCA cycle and ETC occur?

A

In the mitochondria.

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15
Q

How are fatty acids transported in the blood?

A

Bound to albumin.

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16
Q

How do fatty acids enter the cytosol of a cell?

A

They break away from albumin (which they are bound to for transport in blood plasma) and enter via fatty acid membrane transport proteins.

17
Q

Once in the cytosol, which molecules do fatty acids bind to which regulate their movement within the cell?

A

Fatty acid binding proteins.

18
Q

What triggers glucose to be taken up by cells?

A

Insulin.

19
Q

Which type of glucose transporters are responsible for insulin regulated uptake of glucose from the blood stream?

Where are these located and how do these work?

A

GLUT-4.

These translocate from vesicles inside the cell to fuse with the membrane and become expressed on the cells surface in order to become active.

20
Q

Regarding the structure of ATP, what type of bond links the first phosphate molecule to the ribose sugar?

A

An Ester bond.

Therefore = a phosphoester bond.

21
Q

Regarding the structure of ATP, what type of bond links the second phosphate molecule to the first, and also the third to the second?

A

Anhydride bondS.

Therefore = X2 phosphoanhydride bonds.

22
Q

The cleaving of which bonds creates the energy from ATP breakdown?

What type of breakdown would break these bonds?

A

The X2 phosphoanhydride bonds.

Hydrolysis (the addition of water).

23
Q

What is the structure of an ahydride group?

A

It is X2 acyl groups linked by a dehydration reaction to remove a molecule of water (as anhydride means formed by the removal of water). This leaves X2 acyl groups linked by a molecule of oxygen.

24
Q

What is the amount of energy released when ATP —> ADP + Pi + energy?

A

30.5 kJ/mol.

25
Q

What is ATP used for in metabolism?

What would the example be with glucose + ATP?

Why is this reaction with glucose necessary?

A

To phosphorylase metabolic intermediates.

E.g. glucose + ATP —> glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

This keeps glucose within the cell as it provides it with a charge, meaning it can not pass back through GLUT-4 transport channels and exit the cell. It also begins to destabilise the molecule ready for catabolism.

26
Q

What is an endergonic/endothermic reaction?

What is the difference?

A

When energy is taken in.

Endothermic = when the energy taken in is as heat energy.

27
Q

What is an exergonic/exothermic reaction?

What is the difference?

A

When energy is given out.

Exothermic = when the energy given out is as heat energy.

28
Q

What is the name given to an amount of energy that needs to be out into a system in order to start a chemical reaction?

A

The activation energy.

29
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They lower the activation energy of a reaction in order to increase the rate of reaction (speed).

30
Q

How are metabolic pathways generally controlled?

What is this process called?

A

A product may act to inhibit the enzyme which helped form it thereby regulating its own production. This usually occurs at the start or end of a metabolic pathway.

This is called feedback regulation.

31
Q

Name X3 ways the rate of an enzyme regulated reaction can be changed in the context of metabolism.

A

1) changing the availability/amount of substrate by increasing/decreasing the transport of substrate into the cell (e.g. with insulin controlling intracellular glucose levels).
2) changing the amount of enzyme within a cell (by changing the rate of enzyme transcription by up or down-regulating).
3) changing the levels of inter conversion between active and inactive forms of enzymes. In this example the amount of enzyme is the same but the levels of the enzyme which are active are higher/lower than normal to meet the pathways needs.

32
Q

How are enzymes activated?

Which type of enzyme is responsible for phosphorylation reactions?

What other molecule is needed for this process?

A

They are phosphorylated by protein kinases.

ATP is required to provide the phosphate molecule.

33
Q

What type of enzymes remove phosphate groups from enzymes to deactivate them?

What molecule is required for these reactions?

A

Protein phosphatases.

H2O is required as this process works via hydrolysis.

34
Q

Which part of the enzyme is usually phosphorylated?

A

It is usually the R-groups of serine/threonine/tyrosine amino acids within the enzyme.

35
Q

What are X3 types of molecule a metabolic reaction can require?

A

1) fuel molecule
2) enzyme catalyser

3) cofactors! (Such as ATP for kinase enzymes)

36
Q

What reaction is UTP a cofactor for driving?

A

The synthesis of sugars.

37
Q

What reaction is GTP a cofactor for driving?

A

The synthesis of proteins.

Nutrition & Metabolsim (9 decks)

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