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Nutrition & Metabolsim > Anaerobic Metabolism > Flashcards

Anaerobic Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

In which tissues does anaerobic metabolism occur?

A

In ALL tissues!

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2
Q

What is the function of glycolysis?

A

To provide ATP for energy using glucose as fuel, not requiring the presence of oxygen.

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3
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

X2 molecules of pyruvate.

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4
Q

What is the fate of pyruvate of oxygen is present?

A

It is converted into Acetyl CoA by the link reaction to enter the TCA cycle.

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5
Q

What is the name of the reaction in which ATP is formed from ADP + Pi from a phosphorylated molecule (a substrate)?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation.

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6
Q

What is the name of the diagrammatic linear representation of glucose?

A

The fischer projection.

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7
Q

What is the name of the diagrammatic ring representation of glucose?

A

The haworth projection.

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8
Q

What is a pyranose saccharide structure?

What % of glucose exist in this structure at any one time?

A

A 6-member ring structure consisting of X5 carbons enclosed by X1 oxygen atom.

> 99%.

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9
Q

Structurally, do humans use D or L sugars and amino acids?

A

D-sugars

L-amino acids

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10
Q

Which can more energy be extracted from and why:

Glucose or fats?

A

Fats, as glucose is already partially oxidised (has oxygen molecules) whereas fats are not.

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11
Q

How many reactions are involved in glycolysis?

A

X10

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12
Q

What are the X4 stages the 10 glycolysis reactions can be split into?

What does each stage involve?

A

1) activation
= adding X2 phosphates to the molecules to make it unstable and ready for splitting (requires X2 ATP)

2) splitting
= splitting the 6-carbon molecule into X2 3-carbon molecules

3) oxidation
= removing a hydrogen atom from each molecule (X2 in total)

4) synthesis of ATP
= X2 for each molecule (X4 in total)

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13
Q

What is the first reaction in glycolysis?

What are the before and after molecules?

What enzyme catalyses this reaction?

A

D-glucose —> glucose-6-phosphate

Enzyme = hexokinase/glucokinase (kinase so is phosphorylating something)

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14
Q

In the reaction: D-glucose —> glucose-6-phosphate, what type of bond forms between the phosphate and the glucose?

What (if any) cofactors are involved in this reaction?

A

An Ester bond.

Cofactor = ATP —> ADP (to provide the energy and the phosphate).

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15
Q

Where are hexokinase and glucokinase found?

What is the difference between the two and why is this important?

A

Hexokinase = found in all tissues except where glucokinase is found.

Glucokinase = found in pancreatic beta-cells and hepatocytes in the liver.

Hexokinase has a low Km and high affinity, glucokinase is the opposite. This means the liver will only store glucose in the cell when it is in excess, and not when at low concentrations and needed by other tissues in the body.

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16
Q

What is the second reaction in glycolysis?

What are the before and after molecules?

What enzyme catalyses this reaction?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate —> Fructose-6-phosphate

Enzyme = phosphoglucose isomerase

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17
Q

In the reaction: Glucose-6-phosphate —> Fructose-6-phosphate, what is actually happening structurally?

Is fructose a hexose or a pentode sugar?

A

The carbonyl group from C1 is being moved to the C2 position. It’s aldehyde functional group has become a ketone functional group.

Fructose is still a hexose (6-carbon sugar) but it’s ring structure has fewer carbons in it (4 carbons instead of 5).

18
Q

What is the third reaction in glycolysis?

What are the before and after molecules?

What enzyme catalyses this reaction?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate —> Fructose-1,6-biphosphate

Enzyme = phosphofructokinase

19
Q

In the reaction: Fructose-6-phosphate —> Fructose-1,6-biphosphate, what is significant about the resultant stability of the end product?

What type of bond is formed between the molecule and the phosphate?

What (if any) cofactors are involved in this reaction?

A

It now has X2 negative charges in the form of phosphate groups, which will repel each other and decrease the stability of the molecule, making it easier to break.

An Ester bond.

Cofactor = ATP —> ADP (to provide the energy and the phosphate).

20
Q

What is the fourth reaction in glycolysis?

What are the before and after molecules?

What enzyme catalyses this reaction?

A

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate (is split into X2 different molecules)

—> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
—> Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Enzyme = aldolase

21
Q

In the reaction whereby Fructose-1,6-biphosphate is split into:

—> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
—> Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

What is the relationship between the two products?

Which of the two products is the required format for the next step of glycolysis?

Which enzyme interconverts the two molecules in reaction 5 of the glycolysis pathway?

A

They are isomers.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is the desired molecule.

Enzyme = triose phosphate isomerase.

22
Q

What is special about reaction 6 onwards in the glycolysis pathway?

A

It occurs twice since the fructose-1,6-biphosphate molecule was split in reaction 4 of the pathway.

23
Q

Prior to reaction 6, what has been used/created in terms of energy?

A

Used = X2 ATP

Gained = nothing

24
Q

What is the fifth reaction in glycolysis?

What are the before and after molecules?

What enzyme catalyses this reaction?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Enzyme = triose phosphate isomerase

25
Q

What is the sixth reaction in glycolysis?

What are the before and after molecules?

What enzyme catalyses this reaction?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate —> 1,3-bisphosphateglycerate

Enzyme = glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

26
Q

What do dehydrogenase enzymes do?

A

They are a type of oxidoreductase enzyme which remove a hydrogen from a molecule.

27
Q

In the reaction: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate —> 1,3-bisphosphateglycerate, what happens to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecule?

Are there any cofactors or other molecules involved in this process?

A

It loses a hydrogen (therefore is oxidised) and gains a phosphate group.

NAD+ is required for this reaction as it is reduced to NADH + H+.

An inorganic phosphate (Pi) is also required as this reaction does NOT require ATP.

28
Q

What can NAD+ accept in terms of hydrogen ions and electrons?

A

X1 H+ (hydrogen ion)

X2 e- (electrons)

29
Q

What is the seventh reaction in glycolysis?

What are the before and after molecules?

What enzyme catalyses this reaction?

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate —> 3-phosphoglycerate

Enzyme = phosphoglycerate kinase

30
Q

What type of reaction is 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate —> 3-phosphoglycerate?

What else is needed in this reaction and what is produced from it?

A

A substrate level phosphorylation as the source of the phosphate is the substrate.

ADP is needed and X1 ATP is produced.

31
Q

What is the eighth reaction in glycolysis?

What are the before and after molecules?

What enzyme catalyses this reaction?

A

3-phosphoglycerate —> 2-phosphoglycerate

Enzyme = phosphoglycerate mutate

32
Q

What is the ninth reaction in glycolysis?

What are the before and after molecules?

What enzyme catalyses this reaction?

A

2-phosphoglycerate —> phosphoenol pyruvate

Enzyme = enolase

33
Q

In the reaction: 2-phosphoglycerate —> phosphoenol pyruvate, what is happening to the 2-phosphoglycerate molecule?

A

It is being hydrated and is losing X1 H2O.

34
Q

What is the tenth and final reaction in glycolysis?

What are the before and after molecules?

What enzyme catalyses this reaction?

A

Phosphoenol pyruvate —> pyruvate

Enzyme = pyruvate kinase

35
Q

What type of reaction is Phosphoenol pyruvate —> pyruvate?

Are there any other molecules needed for this reaction and what is produced from it?

A

A substrate level phosphorylation as the source of the phosphate is the substrate.

ADP is needed and X1 ATP is produced.

36
Q

What is the net yield from glycolysis?

A

-2 ATP (to activate the glucose)
+ 2 NADH
+4 ATP

= +2 NADH and +2 ATP

37
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of no oxygen or no mitochondria?

Which enzyme is responsible for this process?

A

It is converted to lactate (reduced) as NADH is oxidised to free up more NAD+ to take part in further glycolysis, maximising energy production.

Enzyme = lactate dehydrogenase

38
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?

A

It takes part in the link reaction to form acetyl CoA and can then be utilised in aerobic metabolic pathways.

39
Q

How important is glycolysis in skeletal muscle?

A

It is important for intense exercise.

40
Q

How important is glycolysis in red blood cells?

A

It is their only pathway for ATP, as they have oxygen but NO mitochondria.

41
Q

How important is glycolysis in the brain?

A

It is a major contributor to ATP as the brain can NOT use fats as fuels.

42
Q

Which enzyme is involved in allosteric feedback control of glycolysis?

Which reaction is this linked to?

High concentrations of which molecules inhibit this enzyme?

High concentrations of which molecules activate this enzyme?

A

Enzyme = phosphofructokinase

Reaction = 3

High ATP & Citrate levels = inhibit

High AMP levels = activate

Nutrition & Metabolsim (9 decks)

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