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GI and metabolism > Introduction to metabolism > Flashcards

Introduction to metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Refers to reactions that synthesise new (larger) molecules from smaller precursors. These need energy.

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2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Refers to reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones, usually to release energy.

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3
Q

What are the four phases of metabolism?

A

Absorptive: dealing with a meal

Post-absorptive: maintaining homeostasis between meals

Fasting: dealing with the challenge of longer periods without food

Intense exercise: responding to dramatic increases in demand

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4
Q

What is the main energy currency?

A

ATP - energy released when it is hydrolysed to ADP.

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5
Q

How does phosphocreatine work as a short-term energy store?

A

Creatine kinase converts ADP + phosphocreatine to ATP and creatine.

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6
Q

What is the difference between creatine and creatinine?

A

Creatine is synthesised from amino acids, in the person’s liver and helps supply the muscles with energy. Creatinine, on the other hand, is the waste created from the body’s use of creatine.

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7
Q

How might 2xADP be used to create ATP?

A

ADP+ADP->ATP+AMP

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8
Q

What is AMP a marker of?

A

Low energy state - regulates a number of enzymes allosterically.

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9
Q

Why are carbohydrates an inefficient energy store?

A

They retain a lot of water - bulky

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10
Q

Which organ can release glucose derived from glycogen into the bloodstream?

A

Only the liver

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11
Q

Why do fats provide a dense energy store?

A

Contain little water and little oxygen.

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12
Q

Which compound can be synthesized back into glucose?

A

Pyruvate

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13
Q

Into what does the liver convert fatty acids during starvation?

A

Ketone bodies

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14
Q

Into what can muscles convert protein for gluconeogenesis?

A

Alanine and glutamine

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15
Q

Which organ can convert most amino acids to glucose?

A

Liver

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16
Q

How do erythrocytes make energy and why?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis - no mitochondria.

17
Q

What substance is the brain dependent on for energy?

A

Plasma glucose - if it falls below 3mM can lead to sudden unconsciousness and death.

18
Q

What substance can the brain use for energy during starvation?

A

Ketone bodies

19
Q

What stimulates adipocytes to take up glucose?

A

Insulin

20
Q

What do adipocytes release in response to glucagon?

A

FFA and glycerol

21
Q

What is the main energy source for cardiac muscles?

A

Fatty acids

22
Q

What is the main energy source for type 1 skeletal muscle?

A

Fatty acids

23
Q

What is the function of type 1 skeletal muscle?

A

Adapted to prolonged, relatively modest, activity: for example, postural muscles.

24
Q

What is the main energy source for type 2b skeletal muscle?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis, with glucose coming from their glycogen store. ATP can be synthesised from phophocreatine.

25
Q

What is the function of type 2b skeletal muscle?

A

“Fast-Twitch” muscle: explosive performance, but quickly fatigue. Usually only recruited for severe efforts.

26
Q

What is the main energy source for type 2a skeletal muscle?

A

Phosphocreatine and glycogen provide a good store of energy. Adrenalin (or insulin) allow glucose uptake. At lower exercise levels, fatty acids are the main energy source. During fasting, release amino acids for gluconeogenesis

27
Q

Why is high plasma glucose a problem?

A

Loss in the urine. Osmotic effects. Glycation and cross-linking of proteins - micro/macrovascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, inflammation.

28
Q

What effects does growth hormone have on metabolism?

A

Sugars: gluconeogenesis, glycogen: synthesis, protein: synthesis, fats: lipolysis

29
Q

What effects does adrenaline have on metabolism?

A

Glucose: gluconeogenesis, glycogen: breakdown, proteins: breakdown, fats: lipolysis

30
Q

What effects does cortisol have on metabolism?

A

Sugars: gluconeogenesis, glycogen: redistribute to muscle, proteins: breakdown, fats: redistribute to abdomen.

31
Q

What effects do TNF-alpha and IL-1 have on metabolism.

A

Sugars: glycolysis, gylcogen: breakdown, proteins: breakdown, fats: breakdown.

GI and metabolism (25 decks)

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