Introduction To Medical Parasitology

Question 1

Dependence of one living organism on another?

Answer 1

Parasitology

Question 2

Study of animal parasites of humans and their medical significance?

Answer 2

Medical Parasitology

Question 3

an organism that lives on or within another organism -derives the benefits -may or may not offer consequences ?

Answer 3

Parasite

Question 4

organism in/on which a parasite lives of?

Answer 4

Host

Question 5

unlike organisms live together, both partners have advantages

Answer 5

Symbiosis

Question 6

One benefits without harming or benefiting the other

Answer 6

Commensalism

Question 7

two organisms benefit from each other

Answer 7

Mutualism

Question 8

parasite lives in another, depending on the host for survival

Answer 8

Parasitism

Question 9

living inside the body of the host

Answer 9

Endoparasite

Question 10

Living outside the body of the host

Answer 10

Ectoparasite

Question 11

presence of an endoparasite

Answer 11

Infection

Question 12

presence of an ectoparasite

Answer 12

Infestation

Question 13

parasites that cause DIRECT HARM to their host

Answer 13

Pathogenic parasites

Question 14

parasites that DO NOT DIRECTLY CAUSE HARM to their host

Answer 14

Commensals

Question 15

definitely NEED to live off host/s to survive (eg. Ascaris, trichuris)

Answer 15

Obligate Parasites

Question 16

may live off of host/s or may exist in free-living form in the environment

Answer 16

Facultative Parasite

Question 17

which the parasite attains sexual maturity; host wherein the parasite lives off its adult and sexual stages

Answer 17

Definitive/Final host

Question 18

here they undergo asexual or larval stage; common with flukes **not all parasites have intermediate hosts, no definitive host = not a parasite

Answer 18

Intermediate host

Question 19

parasite does not develop further; it remains alive and is able to infect another host

Answer 19

Paratenic host

Question 20

host wherein the parasite continues any of its stages and acts as additional sources of human infection; common with flatworms

Answer 20

Reservoir host

Question 21

any organism responsible for transmitting parasite infection from one host to another

Answer 21

Biologic vector

Question 22

nonliving things which transmit infection

Answer 22

Fomite

Question 23

stage in the life cycle that enables parasite to infect man Ie. Ascarisembryonated egg

Answer 23

Infective Stage

Question 24

stage in the life cycle that man usually identifies to confirm the presence of a parasite infection

Answer 24

Diagnostic Stage

Question 25

branch of medicine which deals with tropical diseases and other medical problems of a tropical region?

Answer 25

Tropical Medicine

Question 26

illness which is endemic in tropical areas and sporadic in areas not tropical?

Answer 26

Tropical Dieseases

Question 27

parasites found in an organ which is not its usual habitat?

Answer 27

Erratic

Question 28

establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live.

Answer 28

inccidental or accidental parasite

Question 29

remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life

Answer 29

Permanent parasite

Question 30

lives on the host only for a short period of time

Answer 30

Temporary Parasite

Question 31

free living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

Answer 31

Spurious Parasite

Question 32

harmful and cause mechanical injury to the host

Answer 32

Pathogens

Question 33

harbours the pathogen without manifesting signs and symptoms

Answer 33

Carrier

Question 34

inoculating an infective agent

Answer 34

Exposure

Question 35

connotes the establishment of the infective agent in the host

Answer 35

Infection

Question 36

period between infection and evidence of symptoms

Answer 36

Incubation/Clinical Incubation Period

Question 37

period between infection and evidence of infection

Answer 37

Pre-patent/Biologic Incubation Period -

Question 38

infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

Answer 38

Autoinfection

Question 39

already infected individual is further infected with same species, leading to massive infection

Answer 39

Superinfection

Question 40

Sources of Infection:

Answer 40

 Contaminated water and soil  Lack of sanitary toilets  Use of excreta as fertiliser (night soil)  Consumption of undercooked food  Arthropods and mosquitoes  Another person, beddings, environment, self cats rats

Question 41

Mode of entry

Answer 41

1. Ingestion a. Fecal -\> oral b. Nonfecal contamination -- capillaria 2. Skin penetration a. Direct –- hookworms b. Vector-borne -- malaria 3. Respiratory a. Inhalational b. Direct penetration -- naegleria 4. Blood transfusion/organ transplantation -- malaria 5. Autoinfection a. Internal –- strongyloides b. External –enterobius (pinworm) congenital transmamary

Question 42

Autoinfection

Answer 42

one parasite only (cause of another infection)

Question 43

multiple infection

Answer 43

more than one parasite that cause the infection, thats why its MULTIPLE

Question 44

study of patterns, distribution and occurrence of disease

Answer 44

Epidemiology

Question 45

number of new cases appearing in a population in a given period of time

Answer 45

Incidence

Question 46

number of individuals infected with a particular parasite

Answer 46

Prevalence

Question 47

percentage of individuals infected by one parasite

Answer 47

Cumulative prevalence

Question 48

number of worms per infected person

Answer 48

Intensity of infection

Question 49

use of antihelminthic drugs

Answer 49

Deworming

Question 50

percentage of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on examination

Answer 50

Cure rate

Question 51

percentage fall in egg counts after deworming

Answer 51

Egg reduction rate

Question 52

ndividual-level deworming

Answer 52

Selective treatment –

Question 53

group-level deworming

Answer 53

Targeted treatment –

Question 54

population-level deworming

Answer 54

Universal treatment

Question 55

proportion of the target population reached by an intervention

Answer 55

Coverage

Question 56

transmitted loss of susceptibility to drug that was previously sensitive

Answer 56

Drug Resistance –

Question 57

effect of a drug against an infective agent

Answer 57

Efficacy

Question 58

measure of the effect of a drug

Answer 58

Effectiveness –

Question 59

avoidance of illness

Answer 59

Morbidity control

Question 60

aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices

Answer 60

Information-education-communication

Question 61

planning, organization, performance and monitoring of activities for the modification of environmental factors

Answer 61

Environmental management

Question 62

interventions to reduce environmental health risks

Answer 62

Environmental sanitation

Question 63

provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta

Answer 63

Sanitation

Question 64

permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection; continue measures no longer needed

Answer 64

Eradication

Question 65

reduction to zero if incidence of a specified disease; needs continued intervention and surveillance measures

Answer 65

Elimination