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Parasitology > Introduction To Medical Parasitology > Flashcards

Introduction To Medical Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Dependence of one living organism on another?

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

Study of animal parasites of humans and their medical significance?

A

Medical Parasitology

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3
Q

an organism that lives on or within another organism -derives the benefits -may or may not offer consequences ?

A

Parasite

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4
Q

organism in/on which a parasite lives of?

A

Host

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5
Q

unlike organisms live together, both partners have advantages

A

Symbiosis

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6
Q

One benefits without harming or benefiting the other

A

Commensalism

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7
Q

two organisms benefit from each other

A

Mutualism

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8
Q

parasite lives in another, depending on the host for survival

A

Parasitism

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9
Q

living inside the body of the host

A

Endoparasite

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10
Q

Living outside the body of the host

A

Ectoparasite

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11
Q

presence of an endoparasite

A

Infection

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12
Q

presence of an ectoparasite

A

Infestation

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13
Q

parasites that cause DIRECT HARM to their host

A

Pathogenic parasites

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14
Q

parasites that DO NOT DIRECTLY CAUSE HARM to their host

A

Commensals

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15
Q

definitely NEED to live off host/s to survive (eg. Ascaris, trichuris)

A

Obligate Parasites

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16
Q

may live off of host/s or may exist in free-living form in the environment

A

Facultative Parasite

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17
Q

which the parasite attains sexual maturity; host wherein the parasite lives off its adult and sexual stages

A

Definitive/Final host

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18
Q

here they undergo asexual or larval stage; common with flukes **not all parasites have intermediate hosts, no definitive host = not a parasite

A

Intermediate host

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19
Q

parasite does not develop further; it remains alive and is able to infect another host

A

Paratenic host

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20
Q

host wherein the parasite continues any of its stages and acts as additional sources of human infection; common with flatworms

A

Reservoir host

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21
Q

any organism responsible for transmitting parasite infection from one host to another

A

Biologic vector

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22
Q

nonliving things which transmit infection

A

Fomite

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23
Q

stage in the life cycle that enables parasite to infect man Ie. Ascarisembryonated egg

A

Infective Stage

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24
Q

stage in the life cycle that man usually identifies to confirm the presence of a parasite infection

A

Diagnostic Stage

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25
Q

branch of medicine which deals with tropical diseases and other medical problems of a tropical region?

A

Tropical Medicine

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26
Q

illness which is endemic in tropical areas and sporadic in areas not tropical?

A

Tropical Dieseases

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27
Q

parasites found in an organ which is not its usual habitat?

28
Q

establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live.

A

inccidental or accidental parasite

29
Q

remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life

A

Permanent parasite

30
Q

lives on the host only for a short period of time

A

Temporary Parasite

31
Q

free living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

A

Spurious Parasite

32
Q

harmful and cause mechanical injury to the host

33
Q

harbours the pathogen without manifesting signs and symptoms

34
Q

inoculating an infective agent

35
Q

connotes the establishment of the infective agent in the host

36
Q

period between infection and evidence of symptoms

A

Incubation/Clinical Incubation Period

37
Q

period between infection and evidence of infection

A

Pre-patent/Biologic Incubation Period -

38
Q

infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

Autoinfection

39
Q

already infected individual is further infected with same species, leading to massive infection

A

Superinfection

40
Q

Sources of Infection:

A

 Contaminated water and soil  Lack of sanitary toilets  Use of excreta as fertiliser (night soil)  Consumption of undercooked food  Arthropods and mosquitoes  Another person, beddings, environment, self cats rats

41
Q

Mode of entry

A
  1. Ingestion a. Fecal -> oral b. Nonfecal contamination – capillaria 2. Skin penetration a. Direct –- hookworms b. Vector-borne – malaria 3. Respiratory a. Inhalational b. Direct penetration – naegleria 4. Blood transfusion/organ transplantation – malaria 5. Autoinfection a. Internal –- strongyloides b. External –enterobius (pinworm) congenital transmamary
42
Q

Autoinfection

A

one parasite only (cause of another infection)

43
Q

multiple infection

A

more than one parasite that cause the infection, thats why its MULTIPLE

44
Q

study of patterns, distribution and occurrence of disease

A

Epidemiology

45
Q

number of new cases appearing in a population in a given period of time

46
Q

number of individuals infected with a particular parasite

A

Prevalence

47
Q

percentage of individuals infected by one parasite

A

Cumulative prevalence

48
Q

number of worms per infected person

A

Intensity of infection

49
Q

use of antihelminthic drugs

50
Q

percentage of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on examination

51
Q

percentage fall in egg counts after deworming

A

Egg reduction rate

52
Q

ndividual-level deworming

A

Selective treatment –

53
Q

group-level deworming

A

Targeted treatment –

54
Q

population-level deworming

A

Universal treatment

55
Q

proportion of the target population reached by an intervention

56
Q

transmitted loss of susceptibility to drug that was previously sensitive

A

Drug Resistance –

57
Q

effect of a drug against an infective agent

58
Q

measure of the effect of a drug

A

Effectiveness –

59
Q

avoidance of illness

A

Morbidity control

60
Q

aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices

A

Information-education-communication

61
Q

planning, organization, performance and monitoring of activities for the modification of environmental factors

A

Environmental management

62
Q

interventions to reduce environmental health risks

A

Environmental sanitation

63
Q

provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta

A

Sanitation

64
Q

permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection; continue measures no longer needed

A

Eradication

65
Q

reduction to zero if incidence of a specified disease; needs continued intervention and surveillance measures

A

Elimination

Parasitology (2 decks)

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