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CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY > Introduction to Medical Parasitology > Flashcards

Introduction to Medical Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

The area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another

A

Parasitology

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2
Q

Concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities

A

Medical Parasitology

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3
Q

Is a branch of medicine that deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions

A

Tropical Medicine

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4
Q

An illness, which is indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area but may also occur in sporadic or epidemic proportions in areas that are not tropical.

A

Tropical Disease

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5
Q

Living together of unlike organisms

A

Symbiosis

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6
Q

A symbiotic relationship in which two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other

A

Commensalism

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7
Q

A symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other

A

Mutualism

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8
Q

A symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host

A

Parasitism

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9
Q

A parasite living inside the body of a host

A

Endoparasite

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10
Q

Parasite living outside the body of a host

A

Ectoparasite

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11
Q

The presence of an endoparasite in a host is called an

A

Infection

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12
Q

The presence of an ectoparasite on a host is called an

A

Infestation

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13
Q

Parasite that is found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

A

Erratic parasite

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14
Q

Parasite that needs a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species.

A

Obligate parasite

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15
Q

Parasite that may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises

A

Facultative parasite

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16
Q

Parasite which establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live

A

Accidental or incidental parasite

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17
Q

Parasite that remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life

A

Permanent parasite

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18
Q

Parasite that lives on the host only for a short period of time

A

Temporary parasite

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19
Q

Free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

A

Spurious parasite

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20
Q

Host in which the parasite attains sexual maturity

A

Definitive or final host

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21
Q

Host that harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite

A

Intermediate host

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22
Q

Host in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages

A

Paratenic host

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23
Q

Host that widens the parasite distribution and bridge the ecological gap between the definitive and intermediate hosts.

A

Paratenic host

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24
Q

Host that allow the parasite’s life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection

A

Reservoir hosts

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25
Q

Causative agent of amebic dysentery

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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26
Q

Reservoir host of Balantidium coli

A

Pigs

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27
Q

Reservoir host of Paragonimus westermani

A

Field rats

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28
Q

Reservoir host of Brugia malayi

A

Cats

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29
Q

Responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another

A

Vectors

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30
Q

Transmits the parasite only after the latter has completed its development within the host

A

Biologic vectors

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31
Q

Only transports the parasite

A

Mechanical or phoretic vector

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32
Q

Harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms

A

Carrier

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33
Q

The process of inoculating an infective agent

A

Exposure

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34
Q

Connotes the establishment of the infective agent in the host

A

Infection

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35
Q

Period between infection and evidence of symptoms

A

Incubation period

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36
Q

The period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection

A

Pre-patent period / biologic incubation period

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37
Q

Results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

Autoinfection

38
Q

Mode of transmission of enterobiasis

A

Hand-to-mouth transmission

39
Q

Happens when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite

A

Superinfection or hyperinfection

40
Q

Most common sources of parasitic infections

A

Contaminated soil and water

41
Q

Unholy trinity

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Hookworm

42
Q

Another possible source of infection

A

Food (raw / undercooked)

43
Q

Infection associated with Bullastra snails

A

Artyfechinostomum malayanum infection

44
Q

Vectors of malaria and filarial parasites

A

Mosquitoes

45
Q

Carriers of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Triatoma bugs

46
Q

Causative agent of Chagas’ disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

47
Q

Natural vectors of all types of Leishmania

A

Sand flies

48
Q

Direct source of Toxoplasma infections

49
Q

Source of Hymenolepis nana

50
Q

Inanimate objects that acts as a source of infection

51
Q

Parasites that cause autoinfection

A

Capillaria philippinensis
Enterobius vermicularis
Hymenolepis nana
Strongyloides stercoralis

52
Q

Most likely portal of entry for parasitic infections

53
Q

Parasites from eating food harboring the infective larval stages

A

Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Diphyllobothrium latum

54
Q

Parasites from from drinking water contaminated with cysts

A

Entamoeba histolytica

Giardia lamblia

55
Q

Parasites from ingesting raw or improperly cooked freshwater fish containing infective larvae

A

Clonorchis
Haplorchis
Opistorchis

56
Q

Parasites that enter via exposure of skin to soil

A

Hookworms

Strongyloides

57
Q

Parasites that enter skin via water

A

Schistosoma species

58
Q

Collective term for agents of malaria, filariasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and babesiosis

A

Arthropods vectors

59
Q

Parasite that can cross the placental barrier during pregnancy

A

Toxoplasma gondii

60
Q

Parasites that may be transmitted through mother’s milk

A

Ancylostoma and Strongyloides

61
Q

Enterobius may be acquired through:

A

Inhalation of airborne eggs

62
Q

Mode of transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Sexual intercourse

63
Q

The study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease

A

Epidemiology

64
Q

The number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time

65
Q

The number (usually expressed as percentage) of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time.

A

Prevalence

66
Q

The percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite

A

Cumulative prevalence

67
Q

Refers to burden of infection which is related to the number of worms per infected person

A

Intensity of infection

68
Q

Number of worms per infected person

A

Worm burden

69
Q

How to directly measure soil-transmitted helminths

A

Counting expelled worms

70
Q

How to indirectly measure soil-transmitted helminths

A

Counting helminth eggs excreted in feces

71
Q

Helminth egg count is expressed as

A

Eggs per gram (epg)

72
Q

Clinical consequences of infections or diseases that affect an individual’s well-being

73
Q

The use of anthelminthic drugs in an individual or a public health program

74
Q

Refers to the number (usually expressed as a percentage) of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming

75
Q

The percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after the treatment

A

Egg reduction rate (ERR)

76
Q

Involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection, or based on presumptive grounds

A

Selective treatment

77
Q

Is a group-level deworming where the (risk) group to be treated (without prior diagnosis) may be defined by age, sex, or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status

A

Targeted treatment

78
Q

Is a population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics

A

Universal treatment

79
Q

The regular, systematic, large-scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminth infection

A

Preventive Chemotherapy

80
Q

Refers to the proportion of the target population reached by an intervention

81
Q

Is the effect of a drug against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context

82
Q

Is a measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host, living in a particular environment with specific ecological, immunological, and epidemiological determinants

A

Effectiveness

83
Q

Indicators that are commonly used to measure the reduction in prevalence and reduction in intensity of infection

A

Cure rate and egg reduction rate

84
Q

How to measure the effectiveness of drug against a parasite

A

Qualitative and quantitative diagnostic tests which detect eggs or larvae in feces or urine

85
Q

Is a genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a parasite population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose

A

Drug resistance

86
Q

The avoidance of illness caused by infections

A

Morbidity control

87
Q

Is a health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices

A

Information-education-communication (IEC)

88
Q

Is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or intermediate host propagation and reducing contact between humans and the infective agent

A

Environmental management

89
Q

Involves interventions to reduce environmental health risks including the safe disposal and hygienic management of human and animal excreta, refuse, and waste water

A

Environmental sanitation

90
Q

Is the provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta, usually combined with access to safe drinking water

A

Sanitation

91
Q

Defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts

A

Disease eradication

92
Q

Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts

A

Disease elimination

CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY (3 decks)

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