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abdominal pathology sonography > Introduction to Liver Pathology > Flashcards

Introduction to Liver Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three mechanisms by which jaundice occurs?

A

Red blood cell destruction
Hepatocellular disease
Obstruction of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts

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2
Q

Normal direct bilirubin levels

A

0.0-0.3 mg/dL

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3
Q

what do high levels of direct bilirubin indicate?

A

High levels implicate jaundice and hemolytic anemia

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4
Q

Normal Total bilirubin levels

A

0.3-1.9 mg/dL

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5
Q

what do high levels of total bilirubin indicate?

A

High levels implicate liver disease, gallstones, hepatitis

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6
Q

ALT

A

Alanine aminotransferase

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7
Q

what is ALT?

A

Previously referred to as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). ALT is normally present in large concentrations in the liver.

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8
Q

ALT normal level

A

Normal level 10-40 IU/L

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9
Q

what do high levels of ALT indicate

A

High levels implicate hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver necrosis

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10
Q

AST normal level

A

Normal level 10-34 IU/L

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11
Q

what do high levels of AST indicate?

A

High levels implicate heart attack, muscle trauma, hepatitis, cirrhosis

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12
Q

what is AST?

A

Previously referred to as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). AST is present in brain, kidney, muscle, heart and liver.

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13
Q

AST

A

Aspartate aminotransferase

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14
Q

ALP normal levels

A

Normal levels 44-147 IU/L

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15
Q

high levels of ALP

A

implicate leukemia, lymphoma, hepatitis

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16
Q

low levels of ALP

A

protein deficiency, malnutrition

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17
Q

ALP

A

Alkaline phosphatase

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18
Q

total protein normal level

A

Normal level 6.0-8.3 g/dL

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19
Q

High levels of total protein

A

implicate pregnancy, chronic inflammation, HIV

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20
Q

Low levels of total protein

A

hemorrhage, extensive burns, liver disease

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21
Q

what are developmental anomalies of the liver?

A

Agenesis
Anomalies of position
Accessory fissures
Vascular anomalies

22
Q

agenesis of the liver is ______with life

A

Incompatible

23
Q

where can agenesis of the liver occur?

A

the right, left, or caudate lobes.

24
Q

what occurs when there is agenesis of the liver

A

Hypertrophy of other lobes

25
Q

what two conditions cause the liver to be found in other locations

A

situs inversus, in which the organs are reversed, with the liver on the left and spleen on the right

congenital diaphragmatic hernia or omphalocele, where varying amounts of liver tissue may herniate into the thorax or outside the abdominal cavity.

26
Q

what are true accessory fissures caused by?

A

caused by infolding of the peritoneum.

27
Q

Are true accessory fissures common

A

No

28
Q

inferior accessory hepatic fissure

A

is a true accessory fissure that stretches inferiorly from the right portal vein to the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver.

29
Q

Are vascular anomalies common?

A

in 45% of patients

30
Q

what are common vascular anomalies?

A

Replaced left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery

Replaced right hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery

Replaced common hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery

31
Q

Variations in the portal venous anatomy

A

include atresias, strictures, and obstructing valves

32
Q

Variations in the branching of the hepatic veins

A

are common

33
Q

most common hepatic vein variation

A

when the accessory vein drains the superoanterior segment of the right lobe.
It may empty into the middle hepatic vein or join the right hepatic vein

34
Q

Reidel’s Lobe

A

tongue-like, inferior projection of the right lobe of the liver beyond the level of the most inferior costal cartilage on cross-sectional images 1. It is not considered a true accessory lobe of the liver but an anatomical variant of the right lobe of the liver 3.

35
Q

heptaceullar disease

A 
Liver cells (hepatocytes) are the immediate problem.
Usually treated medically with supportive measures and drugs
36
Q

Obstructive disorders

A

Bile excretion is blocked.

Usually treated surgically

37
Q

Diffuse heptacellular disease

A

disease affects the hepatocytes and interferes with liver function.

38
Q

Functions of the liver

A

metabolism, digestion, storage and detoxification

39
Q

What is bilirubin

A

The pigment that is released when the red blood cells are broken down

40
Q

Hepatocellular disease

A

Liver cells (hepatocytes) are the problem

41
Q

Obstructive disease

A

Bile excretion is blocked

42
Q

Prothrombin time

A

liver enzyme that is part of the blood clotting mechanism

43
Q

Does the prothrombin time increase or decrease with cellular damage?

A

increased in the presence of liver disease with cellular damage

44
Q

Indirect Bilirubin

A

unconjugated bilirubin.

45
Q

Direct bilirubin

A

conjugated bilirubin

46
Q

LDH

A

Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase

47
Q

where is lactic acid dehydrogenase found

A

kidneys, heart, skeletal muscle,

brain, liver, and lungs

48
Q

When is LDH elevated

A

infectious mononucleosis and mildly elevated in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and obstructive jaundice. I

49
Q

Heptapetal

A

Towards the liver

50
Q

Heptafugal

A

Away from the liver

abdominal pathology sonography (3 decks)

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