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103: Theme 3 > Introduction to lipids > Flashcards

Introduction to lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Function of lipids (6)

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol in cell membranes
Triglyceride is a key energy store
Steroids and fatty acids play regulatory roles as hormones, vitamins and bile acids
Fat serves as thermal insulator
Lipid coating around nerves acts as electrical insulator
Oil/ wax on surface of skin repel water

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2
Q

Energy storage in cells

A

Cellular is stored short term:

  • ATP
  • redox agents (NADH, FADH2)
  • ionic transmembrane gradients

Energy stored long term as large, stable, efficient energy precursors:

  • carbohydrates
  • fats
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3
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Pathway from fatty acids to acetyl CoA

Fatty acid —> Acetyl CoA + e-(ATP)

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4
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Pathway from acetyl CoA to fatty acids
Depends on fatty acid synthase
Acetyl CoA + ATP + e-(ATP) —> fatty acid + CO2 + CoA

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5
Q

Carbohydrate as energy

A

Starch is digested into sugars in the gut
Sugars absorbed from gut into blood stream
Sugars absorbed by liver and stored as glycogen
Sugars stored throughout body as glycogen
Glycogen broken down to glucose when needed

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6
Q

Fatty acids

A

Simple straight carbon chains and COOH

In humans mostly 16-20 carbons long

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7
Q

Monounsaturates

A

One carbon carbon double bond

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8
Q

Polyunsaturates

A

Two or more carbon carbon double bonds

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9
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Must be in the diet as cannot be made by mammals

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10
Q

Triglycerides

A

Not acidic

Synthesised from glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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11
Q

Lipoprotein lipase

A

Required to break down TG into 3 fatty acids and glycerol in the periphery

Cell surface linked enzyme in capillary walls

TG cannot go through cell membranes

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12
Q

Hepatic lipase

A

Required to beak down TG into 3 fatty acids and glycerol in the blood vessels of the liver

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13
Q

Cholesterol

A

Essential component of cell membranes, precursor of bile acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D

Sourced from diet or made in the liver

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14
Q

Cholesterol esters

A

Made from free cholesterol in the plasma by LCAT

Addition of long chain fatty acid to cholesterol

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15
Q

Steroids (6)

A 
Cholesterol
Cortisol
Testosterone
Aldosterone
Oestrogen
Progesterone
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16
Q

Acetyl Coenzyme A

A

Main energy production precursor

H2O added to break bond between acetyl group and Coenzyme A

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17
Q

Ketone bodies

A

3 soluble chemicals
Made from acetyl CoA during fasting
Last for 5 hours
Acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone

18
Q

Saturated fats

A

Less vulnerable to rancidity

More solid at room temperaure

19
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

At least one double bond
More liquid at body temperature
Most naturally ocurring are cis so kink

20
Q

4 lipid transport pathways

A

Exogenous: from gut to liver and periphery
Endogenous: from liver to periphery
Reverse cholesterol transport: from periphery to liver
Bile production: from liver into digestive tract

21
Q

Exogenous pathway

A

From gut to liver and periphery
Lipids from diet packaged by small intestine into chylomicrons
Chylomicrons taken up by liver

22
Q

Endogenous pathway

A

From liver to periphery (stored in adipose and muscle)

Lipid from liver packaged into VLDL

23
Q

Reverse cholesterol transport

A

From periphery to liver
Occurs when lipid supplies in liver are being exhausted
HDL in blood indicated reverse path activity

24
Q

Bile production

A

From liver into gut and gall bladder (bile released into cystic duct)
Cholesterol converted into bile acids (emulsifies fats)
Most bile acids reabsorbed by gut, returned to liver and recycled

25
Q

Lipoprotein particles

A 
Soluble and can carry lipids
Vary in size depending on:
- triglyceride content
- cholesterol content
- apolipoprotein content
- stage in circulation through the body
26
Q

Apolipoproteins

A

Proteins in LP particles that can hold lipids

Amphipathic

27
Q

Lipid density

A

Protein is most dense
Cholesterol is middle density
Triglycerides are lowest density

28
Q

Low density lipoprotein

A

Most dangerous lipoprotein
LDL content gets incorporated into atheromas
Left over after periphery absorbs endogenous TG from VLDL from liver

29
Q

High density lipoprotein

A

The good lipoprotein
Reverse cholesterol transport
Appears when cholesterol is being used up

30
Q

Very low density lipoprotein

A

Signifies risk of atheroma
Used to transport endogenous cholesterol and TG from liver to adipose and muscle
After TG removed by periphery from VLDL, leaves IDL

31
Q

Intermediate density lipoprotein

A

Results from VLDL losing TG to periphery
IDL will become LDL
Sign of CV risk

32
Q

Chylomicron

A

Not usually associated with CV risk
Normally high after fat containing meals
Carries lipids from gut to periphery for exogenous lipids

33
Q

Insulin

A

Released by beta cells

Decrease blood glucose levels

34
Q

Glucagon

A

Released by alpha cells

Increase blood glucose levels

35
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

No insulin is made

36
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Insulin resistance
Relative insulin deficiency
Caused by obesity and genetic predisposition

37
Q

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes

A

Excess thirst, frequent urination, constant hunger

38
Q

Hypercholesterolaemia

A

High fasting levels of plasma cholesterol
Increased risk of arteriosclerosis
Due to combination of environmental and genetic factors

39
Q

Statins

A

Drugs use to treat hypercholesterolaemia

  • block endogenous cholesterol synthesis
  • block HMG-CoA reductase (entry step into cholesterol synthesis)

e.g. simvastin

40
Q

Simvastin

A

One of the most commonly prescribed drugs
Especially in men over 50
Prescribed for CAD prophylaxis

41
Q

Metabolic syndrom

A

Group of risk factors that lead to increased risk for CAD, stroke, type 2 diabetes

  • insulin resistnace
  • central obesity
  • high blood pressure
  • high plasma cholesterol

103: Theme 3 (17 decks)

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