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103: Theme 3 > Introduction to circulation > Flashcards

Introduction to circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertension

A

Blood pressure is too high

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2
Q

Hypotension

A

Blood pressure is too low

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3
Q

Shock

A

Insufficient perfusion, common cause of death for critically ill people

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4
Q

Functions of circulation (6)

A

Carrying Oc, glucose, nutrients to the cells
Removing waste: CO2 and heat
Homeostasis of the extracellular fluid (via the kidneys)
Distribution of hormones
Temperature regulation
Defence against infection

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5
Q

Principles of pressure and flow

A

Pressure and flow are determined by heart, blood volume and vesse

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6
Q

Blood pressure equation

A

BP=COxPR

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7
Q

1st Korotkoff sound

A

Pressure equal to systolic pressure allows blood to flow through so first sound

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8
Q

Last Korotkoff sound

A

Pressure falls below diastolic pressure so blood flow is no longer turbulent and smooth flow means no more sounds are heard

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9
Q

Function of aorta

A

Stretch and recoil

Stores energy

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10
Q

Function of arteries

A

Distribute

Volume adjust

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11
Q

Function of arterioles

A

Regulate caps, resistance, set BP and TPR

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12
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Exchange of nutrients, gas and fluid

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13
Q

Function of venules

A

Collect blood

Some exchange

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14
Q

Function of veins

A

Reservoir for blood

Muscle pump

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15
Q

Distribution of blood in the cardiovascular system

A 
Veins 64%
Lungs 9%
Small arteries and arterioles 8%
Heart, diastole &%
Large arteries 7%
Capillaries 5%
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16
Q

Right heart

A 
Pulmonary circulation
Right ventricle: thin walled and crescent X section
Low pressure
High flow
Low resistance
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17
Q

Left heart

A 
Systemic circulation
Left ventricle: thick walled and circular X section
High pressure
Variable flow
Variable resistance
18
Q

Mitral and tricuspid valves

A

AV valves
Close during systole
First heart sound (lub)

19
Q

Aortic and pulmonary valves

A

Semi lunar valves
Close during diastole
Second heart sound (dub)

20
Q

Nephron

A

Filtration unit that contains a glomerulus

21
Q

Kidneys as a filtration system

A
  1. Small molecules go through filter (H2O, glucose, ions)
  2. Blood cells and proteins are left behind
  3. Desirable small molecules are re-absorbed back into blood
  4. Excess fluid and undesirable small molecules are left behind and to go the bladder for excretion
22
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Measurement of how much filtering the kidney does

The volume of fluid filtered from the renal glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time

23
Q

Portal system

A

When a capillary bed pools into another capillary bed through veins without first going back through the heart
Capillary beds are in series with each other

24
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron

25
Q

Filtration

A

Fluid leaving the glomerular capillaries and entering the nephron’s tubular system at the Bowman’s capsule

26
Q

Reabsorption

A

Fluid that’s been filtered is then transported out of the tubule system and back into the blood stream at the peritubular capillaries

27
Q

Secretion

A

Process where molecules are removed from blood system at the peritubular capillaries and enter the tubule system of the nephron

28
Q

Excretion

A

Fluid that ends up inside the tubule system of the kidney and is ultimately transported to the urinary bladder for excretion

29
Q

Hypoxaemia

A

Low O2 content throughout arterial blood

Typical causes: any serious respiratory problem, aneamia, generally poor circulatory perfusion of the lungs

30
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low O2 content

31
Q

Anoxia

A

General term for having no O2 locally

32
Q

Ischaemia

A

Insufficient blood flow to a region

33
Q

Angina pectoris

A

A symptom
Chest pain due to over exertion of heart tissue
Can occur with or without physical exertion

34
Q

Angina pectoris treatment

A

Nitrates for immediate relief

Long term treatment as per coronary artery disease

35
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Death of one region of the heart
Sudden crushing chest pain
Results from occlusion of a coronary artery

36
Q

Myocardial infarction treatment

A 
Immediate reperfusion
Morphine (pain)
Oxygen (increase O2 levels)
Nitrates (open blood vessels)
Aspirin (prevents further clots)
37
Q

Reperfusion

A

Re-establishment of blood supply to area that has been ischaemic or deprived of oxygen
Usually percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

38
Q

Heart failure

A

Heart pumps out insufficient blood

Fatigue, dyspnoea, oedmea

Results from previous MIs

39
Q

Treatment for shock

A

Aggressive intravenous fluid and oxygen and airway maintained

40
Q

Syncope

A

Loss of consciousness due to insufficient blood flow to the brain
Caused by:
-shock
-arrhythmia

103: Theme 3 (17 decks)

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