Introduction to Lab Test

Question 1

What does Urea and electrolytes measure

Answer 1

measured as part of a renal profile which measures the main electrolytes in the body (e.g. Na+, K+, Ca, Mg,Cl)

Question 2

What is the Reference range of Urea

Answer 2

3-8 mmol/L

Question 3

What does high urea level indicate

Answer 3

Acute or chronic renal failure, Heart failure, Recent heart attack and Severe burns

Question 4

What does Low urea level could indicate

Answer 4

Severe liver disease, Malnutrition and Pregnancy

Question 5

What is the Sodium reference range

Answer 5

135 – 145 mmol/L

Question 6

What does sodium involved in

Answer 6

Regulating amount of water in the body and Generating electrical signals in the body

Question 7

What is the low conc for hyponatraemia to occur

Answer 7

a serum sodium concentration lower than 135 mmol/L

Question 8

hyponatraemia risk factors

Answer 8

Heart failure, Liver disease and Renal impairment

Question 9

Hyponatraemia signs and symptoms

Answer 9

Headache, Lethargy, Agitation, Confusion and Disorientation

Question 10

Medicines associated with Hyponatraemia

Answer 10

Carbamazepine, Amiodarone and Diuretics

Question 11

What is the low conc for Hypernatraemia to occur

Answer 11

a serum sodium concentration >145 mmol/L

Question 12

Hypernatraemia Risk factors

Answer 12

Nursing home residents, Delirium or dementia patient and Underlying illness that lead to water loss

Question 13

Hypernatraemia signs and symptoms

Answer 13

Muscle cramps, Seizures, Headache, Intracranial haemorrhage

Question 14

What is the reference range for potassium

Answer 14

3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L

Question 15

What is potassium involved in

Answer 15

Involved in heart function, skeletal and smooth muscle contraction

Question 16

What is the conc. for Hypokalaemia to occur

Answer 16

K+ levels <3.5mmol/L

Question 17

What is Hypokalaemia result from

Answer 17

1. Shift of potassium into the cell (transcellular shift)
   
   • Alkalosis
   • Insulin administration
   • Hyperthyroidism

Question 18

Hypokalaemia signs and symptoms

Answer 18

Vomiting, Diarrhoea. Laxative abuse and Excessive sweating

Question 19

Hypokalaemia signs and symptoms

Answer 19

Vomiting, Diarrhoea. Laxative abuse and Excessive sweating

Question 20

What is Hyperkalaemia result from

Answer 20

K+ levels >5.0mmol/L

Question 21

Three reasons for result of hyperkalaemia

Answer 21

Shift of potassium out of the cell, True excess of potassium and Reduced renal excretion of potassium

Question 22

what Renal Function Test does measure

Answer 22

Creatinine

Question 23

What is the reference range for Renal Function Test for both genders

Answer 23

Female: 50 – 110 micromol/L
Male: 60 – 120 micromol/L

Question 24

Renal Function Test Clinical Indication

Answer 24

marker of renal function as creatinine is principally eliminated through glomerular filtration in the kidney

Question 25

Cockcroft-Gault equation

Answer 25

estimates creatinine clearance (CrCl) using serum creatinine

Question 26

what is used for eGFR to be calculated

Answer 26

using serum creatinine, age and gender

Question 27

What is the eGFR indication

Answer 27

chronic renal disease

Question 28

What are Liver Function Test - blood markers

Answer 28

Bilirubin, Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT)

Question 29

What is the Liver Function Test useful for

Answer 29

Useful in assessing liver disease

Question 30

How are liver diseases categorised in

Answer 30

Hepatocellular (injury to the hepatocytes), Cholestatic (injury to the bile ducts) and Infiltrative (invasion of liver by non-hepatic substances)

Question 31

What is the reference range for Bilirubin

Answer 31

< 20 micromol/L

Question 32

What is the Bilirubin indication

Answer 32

indicate prehepatic, intrahepatic or posthepatic liver damage

Question 33

What is the causes of intrahepatic rise in bilirubin

Answer 33

Chronic alcohol use, Autoimmune disorders and Hepatitis A, B and C

Question 34

What is the reference range for Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

Answer 34

Reference range (adults): 25-100 U/L

Question 35

What is ALP stimulated by

Answer 35

ALP production stimulated mainly by biliary obstruction but also hepatocellular injury

Question 36

Is ALP produced by specifically to liver

Answer 36

Not specific to liver because it is also produced in bone, intestine, kidney and placenta

Question 37

ALP and GGT

Answer 37

Cholestatic liver disease

Question 38

What does non-liver conditions can raise ALP

Answer 38

Paget’s disease, RA, osteomalacia, Vitamin D deficiency

Question 39

Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase(GGT) reference range for both genders

Answer 39

Female: < 30 units/L
Male: < 50 units/L

Question 40

What is the GGT test used to

Answer 40

Determine whether an elevated alkaline phosphatase level is specific to liver and Determine that elevation of AST/ALT is due to alcoholic liver disease - simultaneous elevation of AST/ALT and GGT suggest alcoholic liver disease

Question 41

Other non-liver conditions that could increase GGT

Answer 41

Pancreatitis, MI, CHF and COPD

Question 42

Other non liver conditions that could decrease GGT

Answer 42

Hypothyroidism, Oral contraceptive use and Hypomagnesaemia

Question 43

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) reference range

Answer 43

<40 U/L (adults)

Question 44

What is the result of increases in AST (with raised ALT)

Answer 44

indicates hepatocellular injury e.g. viral hepatitis

Question 45

Other non-liver conditions that could increase AST

Answer 45

Acute MI, musculoskeletal diseases, hypothyroidism and pulmonary embolism

Question 46

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) reference range

Answer 46

<35 U/L (adults)

Question 47

Elevation in ALT indicate

Answer 47

Hepatocellular injury, Hepatotoxicity effects of drugs and MI