Introduction to Kinesiology

Question 1

Osteokinematics

Answer 1

Motions of bones relative to cardinal planes

Question 2

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 2

Runs parallel to sagittal suture of skull, divide body into right and left

Question 3

What is the frontal plane?

Answer 3

Runs parallel to coronal suture of skull , Divide body into front and back

Question 4

What is the horizontal (transverse) plane?

Answer 4

Parallel to horizon and divides body into upper and lower sections

Question 5

What movement will you measure in sagittal plane?

Answer 5

Flexion and extension
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Forward and backward bending

Question 6

What movement will you measure in the frontal plane?

Answer 6

Abduction and Adduction
Lateral flexion
Ulnar And radial deviation
Eversion and inversion

Question 7

What movement will you measure in the horizontal plane?

Answer 7

Internal (medial) and external (lateral) rotation
Axial rotation

Question 8

Bones rotate around a joint in a plane that is______ to an axis of rotation

Answer 8

Perpendicular

Question 9

Where is the axis typically located?

Answer 9

Through convex member of joint

Question 10

Degree of freedom

Answer 10

Number of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint
Shoulder: 3
Wrist: 2
Elbow: 1

Question 11

What is a close chain?

Answer 11

Proximal segment can rotate against relatively fixed distal segment

Question 12

Arthrokinematics

Answer 12

Motion that occurs between articular surface of joints

Question 13

What is the open chain?

Answer 13

Distal segment can rotate against relatively fixed proximal segment

Question 14

Convex concave relationship

Answer 14

Improves congruency (fit) , increases surface area for contact forces, guide motion between bones

Question 15

Three fundamental movements between joint surfaces

Answer 15

Roll: Multiple points along one rotating surface contact multiple points on another surface
Slide: a single point on one surface contacts multiple points on another surface
Spin : a single point on one surface rotates on a single point of another surface

Question 16

Convex on concave

Answer 16

Roll & slide in opposite direction

Question 17

Concave on convex

Answer 17

Roll and slide in similar direction

Question 18

Where does a pair of articular surfaces fit the best?

Answer 18

Near end ROM

Question 19

What position has maximal congruency?

Answer 19

Closed Packed ( most ligaments, and parts of capsule are pulled tight to provide stability)

Question 20

Loose packed

Answer 20

Ligaments and capsules are relatively slackened, allowing increase in accessory movement ( joint is generally least congruent near mid range)

Question 21

Kinetics

Answer 21

describes effect of forces on body (force= push or pull)

Question 22

What is force?

Answer 22

Newton second law , measured by a product of mass that receives the push or pole multiplied by acceleration of mass. F= ma ( constant mass of force is directly proportional to acceleration of mass)

Question 23

When is the net force 0?

Answer 23

Acceleration of the mass is zero

Question 24

What is a load?

Answer 24

Force the acts on the body

Question 25

What is Viscoelastic?

Answer 25

Tissue That changes with stress strain curve

Question 26

What is creep?

Answer 26

Progressive strain of material ( exposed to constant overtime) ( reversible) (Example is the fluid that squeezes out of the intervertebral disks during the day and reabsorbs at night in non weight bearing position)

Question 27

What happens to the slope of the stress strain relationship when placed under tension or compression?

Answer 27

Increases through its elastic range as rate of loading increases

Question 28

Rate sensitivity

Answer 28

Connective tissues protect surrounding structures
( cartilage in knee becomes stiffer as rate of compression increases during running)

Question 29

Internal forces

Answer 29

Located within body ( active or passive)

Question 30

External forces

Answer 30

Forces acting from outside body

Question 31

What can torque do?

Answer 31

Translate a body segment, Force is applied at a distance, perpendicular to the axis of rotation, can also produce potential rotation of joint

Question 32

Moment Arm (Lever Arm)( all same thing)

Answer 32

Perpendicular distance between access of rotation of joint and force

Question 33

A muscle is capable of producing torque at a joint only if?

Answer 33

1. Produces a force in a plane perpendicular to AoR
2. Acts with associated moment arm distance> 0
   ( if an active muscle is in capable of producing torque force either pierces or parallels associated AoR)

Question 34

Torque (moment)

Answer 34

Rotary equivalent to force, force acting without moment, arm can push and pull in a linear fashion where torque rotates an object AoR
(T= F x d)

Question 35

Isometric : muscle producing pulling force while maintaining constant length (internal torque = external torque)

Answer 35

muscle producing pulling force while maintaining constant length (internal torque = external torque)

Question 36

Concentric

Answer 36

pulling force contracts ( shortens) ( internal torque greater than external torque)

Question 37

Eccentric

Answer 37

pulling forces being elongated by a more dominant force (external torque is greater than internal torque)