Introduction to Kinesiology Flashcards
Osteokinematics
Motions of bones relative to cardinal planes
What is the sagittal plane?
Runs parallel to sagittal suture of skull, divide body into right and left
What is the frontal plane?
Runs parallel to coronal suture of skull , Divide body into front and back
What is the horizontal (transverse) plane?
Parallel to horizon and divides body into upper and lower sections
What movement will you measure in sagittal plane?
Flexion and extension
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Forward and backward bending
What movement will you measure in the frontal plane?
Abduction and Adduction
Lateral flexion
Ulnar And radial deviation
Eversion and inversion
What movement will you measure in the horizontal plane?
Internal (medial) and external (lateral) rotation
Axial rotation
Bones rotate around a joint in a plane that is______ to an axis of rotation
Perpendicular
Where is the axis typically located?
Through convex member of joint
Degree of freedom
Number of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint
Shoulder: 3
Wrist: 2
Elbow: 1
What is a close chain?
Proximal segment can rotate against relatively fixed distal segment
Arthrokinematics
Motion that occurs between articular surface of joints
What is the open chain?
Distal segment can rotate against relatively fixed proximal segment
Convex concave relationship
Improves congruency (fit) , increases surface area for contact forces, guide motion between bones
Three fundamental movements between joint surfaces
Roll: Multiple points along one rotating surface contact multiple points on another surface
Slide: a single point on one surface contacts multiple points on another surface
Spin : a single point on one surface rotates on a single point of another surface
Convex on concave
Roll & slide in opposite direction
Concave on convex
Roll and slide in similar direction
Where does a pair of articular surfaces fit the best?
Near end ROM
What position has maximal congruency?
Closed Packed ( most ligaments, and parts of capsule are pulled tight to provide stability)
Loose packed
Ligaments and capsules are relatively slackened, allowing increase in accessory movement ( joint is generally least congruent near mid range)
Kinetics
describes effect of forces on body (force= push or pull)
What is force?
Newton second law , measured by a product of mass that receives the push or pole multiplied by acceleration of mass. F= ma ( constant mass of force is directly proportional to acceleration of mass)
When is the net force 0?
Acceleration of the mass is zero
What is a load?
Force the acts on the body
What is Viscoelastic?
Tissue That changes with stress strain curve
What is creep?
Progressive strain of material ( exposed to constant overtime) ( reversible) (Example is the fluid that squeezes out of the intervertebral disks during the day and reabsorbs at night in non weight bearing position)
What happens to the slope of the stress strain relationship when placed under tension or compression?
Increases through its elastic range as rate of loading increases
Rate sensitivity
Connective tissues protect surrounding structures
( cartilage in knee becomes stiffer as rate of compression increases during running)
Internal forces
Located within body ( active or passive)
External forces
Forces acting from outside body
What can torque do?
Translate a body segment, Force is applied at a distance, perpendicular to the axis of rotation, can also produce potential rotation of joint
Moment Arm (Lever Arm)( all same thing)
Perpendicular distance between access of rotation of joint and force
A muscle is capable of producing torque at a joint only if?
- Produces a force in a plane perpendicular to AoR
- Acts with associated moment arm distance> 0
( if an active muscle is in capable of producing torque force either pierces or parallels associated AoR)
Torque (moment)
Rotary equivalent to force, force acting without moment, arm can push and pull in a linear fashion where torque rotates an object AoR
(T= F x d)
Isometric : muscle producing pulling force while maintaining constant length (internal torque = external torque)
muscle producing pulling force while maintaining constant length (internal torque = external torque)
Concentric
pulling force contracts ( shortens) ( internal torque greater than external torque)
Eccentric
pulling forces being elongated by a more dominant force (external torque is greater than internal torque)
