Introduction to Kinesiology

Question 1

Osteokinematics

Answer 1

describes motion of bones relative to the three cardinal planes of the body

Question 2

3 Cardinal Planes of the Body

Answer 2

Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse

Question 3

Sagittal Plane

Answer 3

divides the body into left and right sections

Question 4

Frontal Plane

Answer 4

divides the body into front and back sections

Question 5

Transverse Plane

Answer 5

divides the body into upper and lower sections

Question 6

Movement in Sagittal Plane

Answer 6

dorsiflexion and planter flexion
flexion and extension
forward bending and backward bending

Question 7

Movement in Frontal Plane

Answer 7

abduction and adduction
lateral flexion
ulnar and radial deviation
eversion and inversion

Question 8

Movement in Transverse Plane

Answer 8

internal and external rotation
axial rotation

Question 9

Axis of Rotation

Answer 9

bones rotate around a joint in a plane that is perpendicular to an axis of rotation

Question 10

Where is the Axis of Rotation Usually located

Answer 10

Typically located thorough convex member of joint
(ex. shoulder has movement in all 3 planes, so has 3 axes of rotation)

Question 11

Movements in Axis or Rotation

Answer 11

flexion/extension occur around a medial lateral axis
abduction/adduction occur around a anterior- posterior axis
internal/ external rotation occur around a vertical axis

Question 12

Degrees of Freedom

Answer 12

number of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint, corresponds to however many planes they have movement in

Question 13

Proximal Segment Perspective

Answer 13

rotate against relatively fixed distal segment (closed chain)

Question 14

Distal segment Perspective

Answer 14

rotate against a relatively fixed proximal segment (open chain)

Question 15

Arthrokinematics

Answer 15

motion that occurs between articular surgaces of joints

Question 16

Fundamental Movements Between Joint Surfaces

Answer 16

roll
slide
spin

Question 17

Roll

Answer 17

multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface (tire rotating on pavement)

Question 18

Slide

Answer 18

single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface (non rotating tire skidding across ice)

Question 19

Spin

Answer 19

single point of one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface (toy top rotating on one spot on the floor)

Question 20

Closed and Loose Packed Positions at Joint

Answer 20

pairs of articular surfaces within most joints “fits” best, usually near end ROM

Question 21

Closed-Packed Position

Answer 21

Position of maximal congruency where most ligaments and parts of capsule pulled taut providing joint stability

Question 22

Loose- Packed Position

Answer 22

Accessory movements where most ligaments are slackened and joint is least congruent near midrange

Question 23

Kinetics

Answer 23

Branch of the study of mechanics that describes effect of forces on body

Question 24

Force

Answer 24

newtons second law, quantity of force can be measured by product of mass(m) that receives the push or pull, multiplied by acceleration (a) F=ma

Question 25

Musculoskeletal Forces

Answer 25

force that acts on body often referred to generically a load that move, fixate, or otherwise stabilize body have potential to deform and injure

Question 26

Stress-strain Curve

Answer 26

Changes as function of time and loading

Question 27

Time

Answer 27

tissues in which physical properties associated with stress strain curve change as a function of time considered viscoelastic

Question 28

Creep

Answer 28

Describes progressive strain of material when exposed to constant load overtime, is reversible

Question 29

Creep Phenomenon

Answer 29

Explains why people are taller in am vs pm; constant compression caused by body weight on spine throughout the day squeezes small amount of fluid out of IVD; fluid is reabsorbed at night while in non-weight bearing positions

Question 30

Rate

Answer 30

slope of stress-strain curve when placed under tension or compression increases throughout Its elastic range as rate of loading increases; rate sensitivity of viscoelastic connective tissues may protect surrounding structures of MSK system

Question 31

Internal Forces

Answer 31

produced from structures located within body, can be active or passive

Question 32

External Forces

Answer 32

produced by forces acting outside the body, usually originate from either gravity pulling or external load

Question 33

Two Outcomes of Forces Exerted on Body

Answer 33

forces can potentially translate a body segment
if forces applied at some distance perpendicular to axis of rotation can also produce potential rotation of joint

Question 34

Movement Arm

Answer 34

perpendicular distance between axis of rotation and joint

Question 35

Torque

Answer 35

product of a force and its movement T= F*d

Question 36

What Happens When Force Acts Without a Movement Arm?

Answer 36

can push or pull an object generally in linear fashion, whereas torque rotates around Axis of rotation

Question 37

When can a muscle produce torque across a joint?

Answer 37

if It produces a force in plane perpendicular to axis of rotation of interest
acts with associated moment arm distance > zero
an active muscle is incapable of producing torque if force either pierces or parallel associated axis of rotation

Question 38

Isometric

Answer 38

Occurs when muscle produces pulling force while maintaining constant length
internal torque = external torque
no muscle shortening or rotation at joint

Question 39

Concentric

Answer 39

occurs as muscle produces pulling force as It contracts(shortens)
internal torque> external torque
contracting muscles creates rotation of joint in direction of pull of activates muscle

Question 40

Eccentric

Answer 40

occurs as muscle produces pulling force as It is being lengthened by another more dominant force
internal torque< external torque