INTRODUCTION TO IWMC Flashcards by tine cahayon

is an unwanted or unusable materials.

Waste

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any substance discarded after primary use, or is
worthless, defective and of no use

waste

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means any liquid, gaseous or solid matter, or
other waste substance or a combination thereof resulting from
any process of industry, manufacturing trade or business or
from the development, processing or recovery of any natural
resources

Industrial waste

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Industrial waste is defined by what law?

RA 3931

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too much waste discarded to the environment is known as

pollution

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Industrial plant provides ___________ to environment and people, while environment and people gives ___________ to industrial plants.

products, services, wastes; resources

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means any alteration of the physical, chemical and
biological properties of any water, air and/or land resources of
the Philippines, or any discharge thereto of any liquid, gaseous
or solid wastes as will or is likely to create or to render such
water, air and land resources harmful, detrimental or injurious
utilization
to public health, safety or welfare or which will adversely affect
their
for
domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural, recreational or other legitimate purposes.

Pollution

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Environmental pollutants affect:

air, water, land

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There is an imperative need to protect the people from the
growing menace of environmental pollution

RA 3931

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There is a need to strengthen the ______s set by the
government in response to the accelerative phase of the
country’s industrialization

regulation

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Chemical engineers scope of practice for industrial waste management

Consultation
Design and estimation
Planning
Preparation of feasibility studies
Operations
Research and development

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Chemical engineers has the ability develop technologies,
techniques and strategies that will significantly reduce the
pollutants emitted by the industries leading to a _____________

low negative
environmental impacts and maximization of resource recovery

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________ has the ability to develop complex
solutions over environmental challenges

Chemical engineers

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Chemical engineers also focus on developing sustainable
waste management strategies to ensure long-term
environmental protection by implementing the principles of the
____________, they aim to reduce waste generation and
promote recycling and reusing of materials

circular economy

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Types of industrial wastes according to characteristics

Liquid waste
Solid waste
Chemical waste

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Types of industrial wastes according to safety

hazardous
nonhazardous

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generic term to classify air pollutants comprising
of suspended particles in air, varying in composition and size, resulting
from various anthropogenic activities

Particulate matter (PM)

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also known as particle pollution, is a complex
mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets that get into
the air. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and
cause serious health effects

Particulate matter, US EPA 2017

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The toxicity behind the
particulate
matter is the
absorption of diverse _________________ like aromatics, dioxins,
furans which exists in the form
of dust, soot, smoke, and dirt.

Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs)

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Two ways of measurement of particulate matter (PM)

Stationary Source Emission Testing (DAO 2013-26)
Ambient Air Testing (IRR of RA 8749)

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Particulate matter is withdrawn
isokinetically from the source and
collected on a glass fiber filter
maintained at a temperature of

120 ±14 °C (248 ±25 °F).

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Method for stationary source emission testing

US EPA Methods 1 through 5

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Method for ambient air testing

High volume sampling - gravimetric analysis

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The PM mass, which includes any
material that condenses at or
above the filtration temperature, is
determined ____________ after
the removal of _______________.

gravimetrically; uncombined water

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particles with 50 microns or less in diameter do not enter the lungs but may enter the digestive tract via the nasal passages.

total suspended particulates (TSP)

generally deposited in the upper respiratory tract and found to be linked with many diseases other than respiratory damage like cardiovascular diseases

PM10

can penetrate deeply into the lung, irritate and corrode the alveolar wall, and consequently impair lung function.

PM2.5

The Method in Measuring Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP) in Ambient Air involves a __________ to collect particles with aerodynamic diameters of approximately ________

high volume sampler; 100 micrometers or less

The high-volume samples___________ of air with the sampling rate held constant over the sampling period

40-60 ft3/min

can be used to determine the average ambient TSP concentration over the sampling period, and the collected material subsequently can be analyzed to determine the identity and quantity of inorganic metals present in the TSP.

TSP High volume

an atmospheric pollutant naturally generated by geothermal activities, usually derived from volcanoes, or produced by industrial activities from the combustion of coal and petroleum

SO2

major contributor to atmospheric corrosion in urban and industrial areas

SO2

SO2 is slightly water soluble which forms

sulfurous acid in water

an intermediate strong acid which tends to react with air or ozone to form sulfuric acid

sulfurous acid

methods for measurements of sulfur oxides

Stationary Source Emission Testing- US EPA 1-5, Modified 6 Ambient air testing - Low Volume Sampling - Pararosalinine Method

formed whenever fuel is combusted at high temperatures by a ‘fixing’ of the nitrogen in the combustion chamber's dilution air into NOx

NOx pollution

Many of the nitrogen oxides are ____________

colorless and odorless

can often be seen as a reddish-brown layer in the air over urban areas.

Nitrogen dioxide

one of the precursors in the formation of ground-level ozone, which can trigger serious respiratory problem

NOx

NOx also reacts to form ____________, forminng acid rain

nitrate particles and acidic aerosols

ways to measure nitrogen oxides

Stationary Source Emission Testing - USA EPA 7 Ambient air testing - Low Volume Sampling – Griess-Saltzmann Method

Wastewater pollutants

* Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) * Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) * Total Suspended Solids (TSS) * Oil and Grease * Fecal Coliform * Phosphates * Nitrates * Sulfates * Ammonia * Chloride

is the primary concentration measurement for measuring the organic pollution of wastewater by determining the amount of oxygen required by the aerobic microorganisms to convert into carbon dioxide and water, the organic matter in wastewater

BOD

In the water body, excessive BOD can cause a deficit in ______________ concentration on the water body that will affect the ecosystem

dissolved oxygen

is the total amount of oxygen consumed by strong oxidants present in the wastewater during the decomposition and chemical oxidation of organic/inorganic matter

COD

can be used to identify the sensitivity of particulate matter toward the oxidation process as well as to determine the amount of inorganic chemical material present in the wastewater sample.

COD

amount of oxygen the microbes require to decompose the organic matter under aerobic conditions

BODs

Used To quantify the amount of oxidisable pollutants found in water bodies.

COD

COD is the total amount of oxygen required to break down the organic matter by ___________

chemical oxidation

defined as solids in water that can be trapped by a filter.

TSS

fats, oils, waxes, and other related constituents found in water, generally wastewater

Oil and grease

If FOGs are not removed before discharge of treated wastewater, oil and grease can interfere with biological life in surface waters and create _______________

unsightly films

indicates microbial or bacterial contamination of wastewater. one of the subset of the total coliform, that is usually generated from human and animal waste

Fecal coliform

Unit for fecal coliform

MPN/100ml (most probable number)

associate with the high presence of disease-causing organisms which can to gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea, typhoid, and cholera.

Fecal coliform

associated in high concentrations of organic matters, sulfates, phosphates, which are precursors of a eutrophication process in a water body which also emits harmful gases above the surface of the water

High fecal coliform concentration

Phosphorus in wastewater exists as

phosphates

By chemical properties, phosphorus can be classified as

organophosphorus and inorganophosphorus

High phosphate concentration is also linked to ________________ since phosphorus is a limiting nutrient

eutrophication process

form of dissolved nitrogen that occurs naturally in soil and water.

nitrate

primary source of nitrogen for plants

nitrate

oxidized product of sulfur compound which a major precursor for biogeochemical cycles

sulfates

under anaerobic condition, sulfate can be converted into __________ which more hazardous to human health and marine ecosystem.

sulfide ions

precursor on producing harmful compounds in water bodies when there is a deficit of oxygen molecules

sulfate

inorganic chemical which are commonly generated from agricultural and human activities.

ammonia

Unionized ammonia is favorably formed when the pH of the wastewater tends to be more

basic

Ammonia includes

ionized and unionized

Whereas, if the pH of the wastewater tends to be acidic, the formation of ________ is more favored.

NH3

associated with increase in temperature, ionic strength, sediment concentration

ammonia

Excessive ammonia in the wastewater impede the natural ___________ in the water body resulting to low or depleting dissolved oxygen concentration detrimental to marine life and it is also associated with the excessive_________ over bodies of water

nitrification process; algal bloom

Visual indications of high ammonia concentration include the

slow-moving or stagnant water body, presence of organic waste, foul odor, alkaline, anoxic or warm water and excessive algal bloom

one of the major inorganic anions, or negative ions, in saltwater and freshwater.

chlorides (Cl-ion)

Chloride originates from

dissociation of salts

Pollutants in soil/sludge

* Arsenic * Barium * Cadmium * Chromium * Lead * Mercury * Selenium * Silver

chemical analysis process used to determine whether there are hazardous elements present in a waste.

TCLP or Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

The test involves a simulation of leaching through a landfill and can provide a rating that can prove if the waste is dangerous environment or not.

TCLP or Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

primary agency responsible for the conservation, management, development, and proper use of the country’s environment and natural resources,

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

5 roles of DENR

Environmental management Mines and geosciences Forest management Biodiversity management Land management

__________ was formally established in 1978 with the enactment of ______________to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of rational and orderly balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection

Environment Impact Assessment System; PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586

planning and management tool that will help government, decision makers, the proponents and the affected community address the negative consequences or risks on the environment. The process assures implementation of environment-friendly projects

Environment Impact Assessment

The law aims to regulate restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present unreasonable risk to human health.

REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF 1990

The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated impacts to the economy

REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

the law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and environment

REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000

The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources

REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004

Land based sources of water pollution, as per RA 9275

industries and commercial establishments, community/household activities agriculture

Industrial waste management approaches

Circular economy Waste-to-energy conversion Green chemistry Composting

design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances.

Green chemistry

Green chemistry applies across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its

design, manufacture, use, and ultimate disposal