Introduction to Infectious Diseases Flashcards
infection with sudden onset and usually shorter duration
Acute Infection
localization of pus (polys or segmented neutrophils) in a walled off area
Abscess
presence of bacteria in blood
bacteremia
bacteria “just passing through” blood, temporary such as in brushing teeth/bowel movements
transient bacteremia
bacteremia wiith multiplication of bacteria and host signs/symptoms
septicemia (sepsis)
host harboring a pathogen without manifesting symptoms (can transmit)
carriers (carrier state)
involvement and spreads between layers of subcutaneous tissues
cellulitis
long standing infection
chronic infection
Center for Disease Control (Atlanta, GA)
CDC
population of a body site with microorganisms that are not causing disease
colonization
one benefits but no harm to other
commensal
spread of infection to distant sites
dissemination
accumulation of fluid in tissues due to increased vascularization (swelling)
edema
disease or organism indigenous to a certain geographic area
endemic
infection from hosts own flora (peritonitis, urinary tract infection, etc)
endogenous infection
disease affecting large number of people in a geographical area
epidemic
redness (increased blood flow to area)
erythema
agent acquired from outside of hosts body
exogenous infection
“usual”, “normal”, indigenous, frequently found in that body site in healthy individuals
flora
chronic inflammation with collection (mass) of macrophages, usually forming small nodules
granuloma
occurs as a result of medical procedure (urine catheterization, transplant, etc)
latrogenic infection
ability to penetrate and grow in tissues (may be local or disseminated)
invasion
number of cases of a disease
morbidity
number of deaths caused by a disease
mortality
cell/tissue death, usually caused by enzymes or restriction of blood flow
necrosis
hospital acquired
nosocomial
cause disease only if host is compromised
opportunistic pathogen
one organism benefits at expense of another (small % of bacteria are parasitic)
parasite
capable of causing disease
pathogen (pathogenic) or Virulent
ingestion by white blood cell
phagocytosis
both benefit
symbiotic
ability to cause disease
virulence
acquired from contact with animals
zoonotic
what types of behavior by humans cause infectious diseases?
overcrowding, trade practices, travel, domestication of animals, and sexual practices
Old infections with new concerns
Tuberculosis, syphilis, Black Plague, influenza, anthrax, small pox
Infectious diseases are _____ leading cause of death in US and were #1 until this year
Third
List “New” Infectious Diseases
AIDS, Legionnaires Disease, Lyme Disease, Toxic Shock, Ebola, SARS, West Nile, Swine Flu, Hep B, Hep C, Hanta Fever, Resistant and multiresistant (MRSA, VRE, Malaria), and immunocompromised patient infections from normal flora
three chronic diseases that have been associated with infectious disease
Helicobacter pylori, Human Papillomavirus, Hep C
associated condition of Helicobacter pylori
cause of peptic ulcers
associated organism/cause of HPV
cervical cancer, throat cancer
associated cause of Hep C
Liver Carcinoma
Three elements involved in the “Triad of Infectious Diseases”
Infectious agent, Host , and environment
List the bacterial virulence factors (6)
Toxins, Invasiveness, Capsules, Certain Antigens, Adherence, and Enzymes/Hemolysins
a protein, liberated by intact organisms, GP and GN bacteria, Heat labile, some converted to toxoids (inactive form)
Exotoxins
Lipopolysaccharide liberated by lysing cells (antibiotic alert), primarily GN bacteria, heat stable, produce fever, shock, DIC, no antitoxins are produced against these, inside cell
Endotoxins
first line of defense in host resistance
Skin
list 4 host resistance factors
physical barriers, usual flora space and nutrient competition , cleansing mechanisms, immune defenses
which organism is able to survive and multiply intracellularly?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
susceptible to infections with oportunistic pathogens
immunodeficient hosts
Immunodeficiency may be due to…list
genetics, diet (starvation), drugs (steroids, chemo, antibiotics), cancer, disease (AIDS, diabetes), newborn, elderly, or pregnancy
routes of transmission (list 6)
air (inhalation), food and water (ingestion), close contact (salivary, skin, sexual), cuts and bites (human vs animal), anthropods (tick, flea), zoonoses (contact with animals)
areas with usual flora that begin at birth
skin, mouth, upper respiratory tract, intestines, vagina
areas that are normally sterile, no usual flora
blood, CSF, joint fluids, organs, tissues not exposed to outside, upper urinary tract and genital tract, lower respiratory tract
all organisms can be pathogenic in ______ areas
sterile
these organisms are considered “usual flora” in certain areas
commensals
how can you prevent the spread of infectious diseases?
HANDWASHING, vaccines, public health measures (sanitation of food and H2O, animal vector control, education)
