Introduction to infection Flashcards
Fundamental concept in clinical infection
a CLINICAL SYNDROME
caused by PATHOGEN(s)
acquired from SOURCE
by EXPOSURE
with disease resulting from MICROBIAL and/or HOST FACTORS
the patient is INFECTED/INFECTIOUS needing INFECTION CONTROL
a plan of INVESTIGATIONS
appropriate TREATMENT a
nd awareness of the COMPLICATIONS and PROGNOSIS
What are types of pathogen examples?
Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi • Protozoa • Helminths • Ectoparasites(fleas - lives outside host) • Spirochetes(gram negative, motile, spiral bacteria) • Mycobacteria(affect mammals) • Atypical bacteria
RESERVIOR
can be any person, animal, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies
Define ZOONOSIS
Define Human-restricted
Zoonosis is a disease transmitted from animal a to human
HUMAN-RESTRICTED pathogens to not have an animal or environmental reservoir and exist in humans only (e.g small pox, measle, rubella, tb, typhoid)
What does this person have?
They have been abroad to India. local pain, local tenderness, stiffness and spasm of the muscles, a cold abscess, gibbus, and a prominent spinal deformity. The cold abscess slowly develops when tuberculous infection extends to adjacent ligaments and soft tissues.
TB of spine
this person has this one side of the midline in one dermatome. the person is elderly.
What does this person have?
Shingles
this is caused by the HHV-8 and the person has HIV.
They may have odnophagia, loosening of teeth, epistaxis, haemorrhage
Karposi sarcoma
LATENCY define
LATENCY is the ability for a pathogen to lie dormant a within the body
define NOSOCOMIAL
give examples?
means acquired in hospital
c.diff, legionella, mycobacteria chimera
what are the different exposure?
PERSON-TO-PERSON by direct physical contact
AEROSOL inhalation
ORAL ingestion
FOMITES are objects or materials
VECTORS are living organisms that can transmit infection
Define INCUBATION PERIOD
Define pathogenicity
INCUBATION PERIOD is the time taken from exposure to the development of disease
PATHOGENICITY is the ability of an organism to a CLINICAL SYNDROME cause disease
VIRULENCE FACTORS can increase the degree of pathogenicity
Define the following
Adhesins
Aggressins
Toxins
Adhesins help with the adherence to the host
Aggressins help to invade or evade the host
Toxins are harmful substances that damage the host
What are examples of adhesins?
what are examples aggressins?
What are these vectors and what do they transmit?
- Anopheles mosquito - Malaria
- tiger mosquito - chicken gunya,Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), West Nile virus, and dengue fever
- Culex - filiriasis
- Dear fly - Loa loa filariasis (skin + eye disease caused by nematode worm)
- Onchosochiasis - river blindness
- tetse fly - african tripiasomoniasis
- Tetse bug - american tripsomoniasis
- Ticks - lyme disease
- Flea - yersinia pestis (plague
define the following:
incubation period
pathogenecity
INCUBATION PERIOD is the time taken from exposure to the development of disease
pathogenecity is the ability of an organism to a cause disease
What does 1 and 2 have?
- Group a strep
- Staph A.
What is this and what bacteria usually causes it?
necrotising fascitis -> Staphylococcus aureus
What do they have?
Tetanus -> Clostridium tetani
what do they have?
They are
Watery diarrhea (sometimes in large volumes)
Rice-water stools (see figure 1)
Fishy odor to stools.
Vomiting.
Rapid heart rate.
Loss of skin elasticity (washer woman hands sign; see figure 2)
Dry mucous membranes (dry mouth)
Low blood pressure.
Vibrio cholerea toxin
RSV is more common in what age group?
Under 6 months highest.
No T cell and no real antibodies due to only maternal antibody given.
What is R0
R0 it is the basic reproduction number - how infectious something is
What investigations can you do for infections?
Bacterial (and fungal) cultures
Molecular diagnostics -> PCR - amplify specific
Serology - Antibodies
What 3 things do you give to someone with infections
• Fluids • Oxygen • Anti-microbials
Complication and prognosis depends on
Immune suppression Pregnant women Post-exposure prophylaxis Pre-exposure prophylaxis
where is malaria high?
Where is HIV high?
where is rubella high
Mortality under 5 high in
Obestiy in children
diabetes high in
water access
absolute poverty
Zimbabwe had high rates of what?
malaria - afria - west
HIV prevelance - high in south
Rubella = india high
Obestiy in children - high in china
Mortality under 5 - high in india
Diabetes - south east and eastern asia
water access - africa and india
povery - africa and india
old world vs new world trypanosomiasis
NEW world • American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) • Typanosoma cruzi • Triatome vector • Cardiomyopathy and gastrointestinal disease
OLD world • African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness) • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense • Tsetse vector • CNS disease
