Introduction to Immunology Flashcards
The types of cells which originate from Pluripotential stem cells?
Myeloid Progenitor Cells
Lymphoid Progenitor Cells
List the Myeloid Progenitor Cells
Naught - Neutrophils
Monkeys - Monocytes
Eat - Eosinophils
Banana’s - Basophils
List the Lymphoid progenitor cells
T- Cells
B- Cells
NK( Natural Killer) Cells
The different types of of Immune Systems
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
(Humoral) Immunity
Innate Immunity
Characteristics:
Antigen nonspecific
Rapid Response(Minutes- hours)
No Immunological memory
Immune Components:
Natural Barriers(Skin , mucous membranes)
Phagocytes and NK Cells
Soluble mediators: Complement
Adaptive Immunity
Characteristics:
Antigen specific
Slow Response(Days)
Immunological memory
Immune Components:
Lymphocytes
Antigen Recognition( B and T-Cell receptors)
Secreted molecules: Antibody
Functional categories of Cytokines
- Cytokines that Facilitate Innate Immune Responses
- Cytokines that Induce Differentiation of Distinct T-Cell Lineages
- Cytokines that Promote Inflammatory Responses
- Cytokines that Affect Leukocyte Movement
- Cytokines that Stimulate Haematopoiesis
Cytokines that facilitate Innate Immune Responses
– IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, interferon-α (IFN- α), and IFN-β
– Fever, etc.
Cytokines that induce Differentiation of Distinct T-Cell
Lineages
– TH1 lineage: Interferon-γ, TNF-α
– TH2 lineage: IL-4, IL-10, TGFβ
Cytokines that promote Inflammatory Responses
– IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, and TNF-α
Cytokines that affect Leukocyte Movement
Chemokines function in concert with inflammatory
mediators to regulate the expression and conformation of cell adhesion molecules.
Cytokines that stimulate Haematopoiesis
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs): Granulocyte CSF:
neutrophils↑
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Ways in which the innate complement system can be activated
Classical Pathway- Antibody
Lectin Pathway- Carbohydrate
Alternative Pathway- C3b deposits on pathogen surface
The major activities generated by the innate complement system pathways
- Opsonins/ Opsonification
- Anaphylatoxins-Induction of inflammation
- Killing of pathogens
Draw the structure of an Immunoglobulin
Light chains
Heavy Chains
Areas of glycosylation
Antigen binding site
Complement binding site
Fc binding site
Name the types of Immunoglobulins
G. A. M. E. D:
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
IgG
Size + Monomers 1 [Serum] +++ [Secretions] - 1st response- Nothing 2nd response ++ Crosses placenta: Yes
IgM
Size +++++ Monomers 5 [Serum] ++ [Secretions] - On B cells: Nothing Allergy: Nothing 1st response ++ 2nd response: Nothing Crosses placenta: No
IgA
Size ++ Monomers 2 [Serum] - [Secretions] ++ On B cells: Nothing Allergy: Nothing 1st response: Nothing 2nd response + Crosses placenta: Nope
IgE
Size + Monomers 1 [Serum] + [Secretions] - On B cells: No Allergy +++ 1st response Nothing 2nd response + Crosses placenta: No
IgD
Size + Monomers 1 [Serum] - [Secretions] - On B cells ++ Allergy: Nothing 1st response: Nothing 2nd response + Crosses placenta: No
Draw a lymph node structure
Capsule Subcapsular sinus Trabecula Cortex Paracortex( T cells) Primary lymphoid follicle Lymphoid secondary follicle(B cells) Antigen presenting Cells Medulla Medullary Sinus Afferent lymphatic vessel Post capillary venule Efferent lymphatic vessel
Which of the following generally does not apply to bone marrow (a primary lymphoid organ) but does
apply to secondary lymphoid organs?
A) cellular proliferation
B) differentiation of lymphocytes
C) cellular interaction
D) antigen-dependent response
D. Cellular proliferation, differentiation of lymphocytes, and cellular interactions can take place in bone
marrow. However, antigen-dependent responses occur in the secondary lymphoid organs, such as the
spleen and lymph nodes.
Which of the following is involved in recognition of intracellular pathogens in innate immune cells?
A) Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
B) antibody
C) NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
D) complement
C. The NLRs are a group of cytosolic innate receptors that recognize microbes that infect cells. Once ligated, they initiate a set of cellular activities that facilitate inflammatory responses and other host defense mechanisms.
Which of the following is a correct statement about NK cells?
A) They proliferate in response to antigen.
B) They kill target cells by phagocytosis and intracellular digestion.
C) They are a subset of polymorphonuclear cells.
D) They kill target cells in an extracellular fashion.
E) They are particularly effective against certain bacteria.
D. NK cells are large granular lymphocytes. Their number does not increase in response to antigen.
Their killing is extracellular, and their target cells are virus-infected cells or tumor cells(Cancerous cells). They are not particularly effective against bacterial cells
Mature dendritic cells are capable of which of the following?
A) activating naïve antigen-specific T cells
B) removing red blood cells
C) producing bradykinin
D) extracellular killing of target cells
A. When immature dendritic cells are activated following their engulfment of pathogens (phagocytosis), they mature and become more efficient at antigen presentation and, in fact, can activate antigen-specific naïve T cells.
Killer-cell inhibitory receptors (KIRs) expressed by NK cells bind to which of the following to prevent killing of normal cells:
A) complement receptors
B) MHC class I
C) immunoglobulin
D) Toll-like receptors
B. NK cells express KIRs, which allow them to bind to MHC class I molecules expressed on all nucleated cells that would otherwise be targets for killing when infected with certain viruses that downregulate MHC class I expression
