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Microbiology/immunology > Introduction to Immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

two twpes of immunity are___ and ___

A

innate and adaptive

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2
Q

how we defend ourselves agaisnt bacteria:

  1. our ____
  2. acidity of our stomachs
  3. the flow of liquids in our urinary tract
  4. and a variety of other mechanisms.
A

skin

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3
Q

We are capable of defending ourselves against most bacteria that exist.
These defenses include:
1. our skin
2. ___ of our stomachs
3. the flow of liquids in our urinary tract
3. and a variety of other mechanisms.

A

acidity

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4
Q 
We are capable of defending ourselves against most bacteria that exist.
 These defenses include:
1. our skin 
2. acidity of our stomachs
3. the flow \_\_\_\_
3. and a variety of other mechanisms.
A

the flow of liquids in our urinary track

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5
Q

molcules in the INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE that recognize and attack bacteria include the:

A

complement system

set of receptors for bacteria markers

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6
Q

Several cell types are able to ___ and ___ most bacteria.

A

bind and clear

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7
Q

innate immune response and it is always present and works in a matter of what time

A

f minutes to hours.

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8
Q

what immune response is always present

A

innate

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9
Q

Bacteria avoid being killed by inate -> ___ system needed

A

adaptive

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10
Q

in adaptive immunity ____ are involved

A

b lymphocytes

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11
Q

___-lymphocytes (B-cells) produce an antigen- specific to the pathogen.

A

b

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12
Q

Two ways antibodies can help

A

help neutrilize toxins or aid in phogcytosis

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13
Q

T-cells help B-cells by what two ways

A
  1. stimulate phagocytes to kill better

2. can be directly cytotoxic to virally infected cells and tumor cells.

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14
Q

This adaptive response is slower and takes many ___ to ____ to develops

A

days to weeks

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15
Q

___ immunity has a limited number of specifities

A

innate

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16
Q

_____ improve during a response

A

adaptive

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17
Q

____ immunity involves

barrers
phagocytosis
complement

A

innate

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18
Q

opsonin is Something that increases the phagocytosis of an object by ____ to the object

A

binding

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19
Q

what are compliments important in

A

inflammation and clearing bacteria

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20
Q

compliments are a groip of serum proteins involved in ____ immunity

A

innate and adaptivwe

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21
Q

Antibodies are serum _____ that result from specific immune responses.

A

proteins

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22
Q

antibodies have high affinity binds sites for antigens at

A

one end

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23
Q

what are at both ends of antibodies

A

on one end: bindign site for a specific forein structure

on the other: fc regions

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24
Q

on antibodies the site for effect cells to bind is the __ region

A

fc

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25
Q

the Fc receptor makes the ____ molecule a flexible specific adaptor between the target and the effector

A

antibody

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26
Q

the antibody binds to an antigen with

A

incredible specifity

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27
Q

antigen is a ___ generator

A

ANTIgen GENerator

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28
Q

antigen refers to a moleulce recognized by

A

antibody or a t cell receptor

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29
Q

Oposination: When specific antibody is present -> a high ____ is formed –> enhancing phagocytosis

A

affinity bridge

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30
Q

Oposination: When ___ is present -> a high affinity bridge is formed –> enhancing phagocytosis

A

specific antibody

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31
Q

compliments are a group fo seurm proteins that can either do one of two things

A
  1. recognize certain types of microorganisms directly

2. or bind to and recognize bound antibody molecules

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32
Q

The ____ system helps or “complements” the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.

A

complement

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33
Q

complement reaction can result in ___ of the target cell or the deposition of complement on the cell surface

A

lysis

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34
Q

complement reaction can result in lysis of the target cell or the deposition of ___

A

complement on the cell surface

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35
Q

the complement cell ___ can act as an opsonin for many effector cell types

A

c3

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36
Q

can identify immune cells by __ ___ or ____

A

histology, enzymes, antibodies

37
Q

most powerful methods for identifying cell type is

A

antigenic method

38
Q

it can be confusing to use antigenic means to define cells becayse of the the development of

A

new antibodies, seemingly everyday

39
Q

the Cluster of Differentiation notation system was designed to make a unfirom system to name monoclonal antibodies to keep up with

A

antibodies appearing everyday

40
Q

____ is a cluster of differentiation found on a subset MATURE T CELLS

A

CD3

41
Q

____ is a cluster of differentiation found on a subset T HELPER/REGULATORY

A

CD4

42
Q

____ is a cluster of differentiation found on a subset T CYTOTOXIC

A

CD8

43
Q

____ is a useful cd marker for recognition of PRESENTING CELLS

A

CD28

44
Q

____ is a useful cd marker for recognition of COSTIMULATORY MOLECULE

A

cd40

45
Q

____ is a ligand for CD40

A

cd40l

46
Q

____ is an IL-2 receptor

A

cd25

47
Q

cd5 is an il 2 receptor with ___ affinity

A

high

48
Q

___ is the most abundant leukocyte, representing 60-70% of the circulating white cells.

A

neutrophils

49
Q

neutrophils are an end cell of myeloid differentiation and does not

A

divide.

50
Q

no neutrophils divide?

A

no

51
Q

neutrophils circulate in blood for ___ of time

A

only a short period 12 hours

52
Q

During inflammation neutrophils enter tissue and then

A

complete their life cycle.

53
Q

neutrphils contain granules of ___ and ____ classes

A

primary or azurophilic

secondary of specific

54
Q

the granules of neutrphils contain

A

the bactericidal and hydrolytic enzymes of the cell

55
Q

neutrophils die in the tissue and are engulfed and degraded by

A

macrophages

56
Q

grnaulocytes include 1. ___ and 2. _____

A

eosinophil and basophil

57
Q

basophilic cells include ___ and ____

A

dendritic cells and mast cells

58
Q

mononuclear phagocytes include __ and ___

A

monocytes and macrophages

59
Q

lymphocytes include ___ and ____

A

small lymphocutes and plasma cells

60
Q

___ represent 1-3% of the circulating leukocytes.

A

eosinophils

61
Q

eosinophils have a halflife of only ___ minutes

A

30

62
Q

____ contain eosphinophilic basic protein

A

eosinophils

63
Q

eosphinophilic basic protein makes eosinophils importance in the clearence of

A

parasitic worms

64
Q

____ is important in the clearence of parasitic worms

A

eosphinophils

65
Q

can eosphinophils do phagocytosis

A

yes

66
Q

eosphinophils do much of their work through ____ mechanism

A

extracelluluar

67
Q

Monocytes are derived in the ____ and circulate in the blood.

A

bone marrow

68
Q

when monocytes enter tissues they are called

A

macropahes

69
Q

a consequence of entering tissue or as a consequence of the inflammation drawing cells into tissue MACROPHAGES change, becoming better ___ cells.

A

effector

70
Q

Can macrophages exist in cells without any inflammation

A

yes, they are not effective effectors

71
Q

Macrophages are capable of both___ and ____ killing.

A

intracellular and extracellular

72
Q

In macrophages, ____ killing invovles bacteria, yeast and parasites

A

Intracellular

73
Q

In macrophages, extracellular killing invovles ___ ____ and ____ IF
in vitro if antibody is present or if the macrophages are activated

A

virally infected cells, larger parasite and tumor cells

74
Q

in macrophages, extracellular killing only happens in vitro if ___ or ___

A

vitro if antibody is present or if the macrophages are activated

75
Q

is it known if extracellular killing with macrophages happens in the body

A

no, only invitro

76
Q

___ si the cell that produces immunogloubulin

A

b lymphocyte

77
Q

The ___ is a critical cell in regulating immune responses

A

T-lymphocyte (T for thymus derived)

78
Q

___ is a critical cell in the effector function of killing infected cells

A

t lymphocytes

79
Q

cytoxic t cells play an important role in ___ and ____

A
  1. cthe regulation of the immune response

2. act as an effector cell.

80
Q

ctyotocix t have the ___ surface marker

A

cd8

81
Q

recognition of target cells by CTYOTOXIC T CELLS is mediated via a specific receptor and the entire process is __- specific.

A

antigen

82
Q

most cytotoxic T cell reactions are restricted to killing cells that have self antigen in addition to foreign antigen — >This leads to a ____ number of possible target cell types

A

very limited

83
Q

The major type of infected cell implicated as a target of cytotoxic T-cells are ___ infected cells

A

virally

84
Q

intracellularly infected cells such as those cells infected with protozoan parasites might be killed by ____ liberating the parasite and allowing macrophages to ingest the phagocyte and kill it.

A

cytotoxic T-cells

85
Q

Som____ are able to kill nonself cells partthe icularly those associated with transplants.

A

e cytotoxic cells

86
Q

NK cells kill without apparent specificty:

A

tumor cells and

virally infected cells

87
Q

using ___ NK cells some subspecifities are apparent

A

cloned

88
Q

most to least proportion of leukocytes

A 
Neutrophils 
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

Microbiology/immunology (3 decks)

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