Introduction to Immunology Flashcards
two twpes of immunity are___ and ___
innate and adaptive
how we defend ourselves agaisnt bacteria:
- our ____
- acidity of our stomachs
- the flow of liquids in our urinary tract
- and a variety of other mechanisms.
skin
We are capable of defending ourselves against most bacteria that exist.
These defenses include:
1. our skin
2. ___ of our stomachs
3. the flow of liquids in our urinary tract
3. and a variety of other mechanisms.
acidity
We are capable of defending ourselves against most bacteria that exist. These defenses include: 1. our skin 2. acidity of our stomachs 3. the flow \_\_\_\_ 3. and a variety of other mechanisms.
the flow of liquids in our urinary track
molcules in the INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE that recognize and attack bacteria include the:
complement system
set of receptors for bacteria markers
Several cell types are able to ___ and ___ most bacteria.
bind and clear
innate immune response and it is always present and works in a matter of what time
f minutes to hours.
what immune response is always present
innate
Bacteria avoid being killed by inate -> ___ system needed
adaptive
in adaptive immunity ____ are involved
b lymphocytes
___-lymphocytes (B-cells) produce an antigen- specific to the pathogen.
b
Two ways antibodies can help
help neutrilize toxins or aid in phogcytosis
T-cells help B-cells by what two ways
- stimulate phagocytes to kill better
2. can be directly cytotoxic to virally infected cells and tumor cells.
This adaptive response is slower and takes many ___ to ____ to develops
days to weeks
___ immunity has a limited number of specifities
innate
_____ improve during a response
adaptive
____ immunity involves
barrers
phagocytosis
complement
innate
opsonin is Something that increases the phagocytosis of an object by ____ to the object
binding
what are compliments important in
inflammation and clearing bacteria
compliments are a groip of serum proteins involved in ____ immunity
innate and adaptivwe
Antibodies are serum _____ that result from specific immune responses.
proteins
antibodies have high affinity binds sites for antigens at
one end
what are at both ends of antibodies
on one end: bindign site for a specific forein structure
on the other: fc regions
on antibodies the site for effect cells to bind is the __ region
fc
the Fc receptor makes the ____ molecule a flexible specific adaptor between the target and the effector
antibody
the antibody binds to an antigen with
incredible specifity
antigen is a ___ generator
ANTIgen GENerator
antigen refers to a moleulce recognized by
antibody or a t cell receptor
Oposination: When specific antibody is present -> a high ____ is formed –> enhancing phagocytosis
affinity bridge
Oposination: When ___ is present -> a high affinity bridge is formed –> enhancing phagocytosis
specific antibody
compliments are a group fo seurm proteins that can either do one of two things
- recognize certain types of microorganisms directly
2. or bind to and recognize bound antibody molecules
The ____ system helps or “complements” the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.
complement
complement reaction can result in ___ of the target cell or the deposition of complement on the cell surface
lysis
complement reaction can result in lysis of the target cell or the deposition of ___
complement on the cell surface
the complement cell ___ can act as an opsonin for many effector cell types
c3
can identify immune cells by __ ___ or ____
histology, enzymes, antibodies
most powerful methods for identifying cell type is
antigenic method
it can be confusing to use antigenic means to define cells becayse of the the development of
new antibodies, seemingly everyday
the Cluster of Differentiation notation system was designed to make a unfirom system to name monoclonal antibodies to keep up with
antibodies appearing everyday
____ is a cluster of differentiation found on a subset MATURE T CELLS
CD3
____ is a cluster of differentiation found on a subset T HELPER/REGULATORY
CD4
____ is a cluster of differentiation found on a subset T CYTOTOXIC
CD8
____ is a useful cd marker for recognition of PRESENTING CELLS
CD28
____ is a useful cd marker for recognition of COSTIMULATORY MOLECULE
cd40
____ is a ligand for CD40
cd40l
____ is an IL-2 receptor
cd25
cd5 is an il 2 receptor with ___ affinity
high
___ is the most abundant leukocyte, representing 60-70% of the circulating white cells.
neutrophils
neutrophils are an end cell of myeloid differentiation and does not
divide.
no neutrophils divide?
no
neutrophils circulate in blood for ___ of time
only a short period 12 hours
During inflammation neutrophils enter tissue and then
complete their life cycle.
neutrphils contain granules of ___ and ____ classes
primary or azurophilic
secondary of specific
the granules of neutrphils contain
the bactericidal and hydrolytic enzymes of the cell
neutrophils die in the tissue and are engulfed and degraded by
macrophages
grnaulocytes include 1. ___ and 2. _____
eosinophil and basophil
basophilic cells include ___ and ____
dendritic cells and mast cells
mononuclear phagocytes include __ and ___
monocytes and macrophages
lymphocytes include ___ and ____
small lymphocutes and plasma cells
___ represent 1-3% of the circulating leukocytes.
eosinophils
eosinophils have a halflife of only ___ minutes
30
____ contain eosphinophilic basic protein
eosinophils
eosphinophilic basic protein makes eosinophils importance in the clearence of
parasitic worms
____ is important in the clearence of parasitic worms
eosphinophils
can eosphinophils do phagocytosis
yes
eosphinophils do much of their work through ____ mechanism
extracelluluar
Monocytes are derived in the ____ and circulate in the blood.
bone marrow
when monocytes enter tissues they are called
macropahes
a consequence of entering tissue or as a consequence of the inflammation drawing cells into tissue MACROPHAGES change, becoming better ___ cells.
effector
Can macrophages exist in cells without any inflammation
yes, they are not effective effectors
Macrophages are capable of both___ and ____ killing.
intracellular and extracellular
In macrophages, ____ killing invovles bacteria, yeast and parasites
Intracellular
In macrophages, extracellular killing invovles ___ ____ and ____ IF
in vitro if antibody is present or if the macrophages are activated
virally infected cells, larger parasite and tumor cells
in macrophages, extracellular killing only happens in vitro if ___ or ___
vitro if antibody is present or if the macrophages are activated
is it known if extracellular killing with macrophages happens in the body
no, only invitro
___ si the cell that produces immunogloubulin
b lymphocyte
The ___ is a critical cell in regulating immune responses
T-lymphocyte (T for thymus derived)
___ is a critical cell in the effector function of killing infected cells
t lymphocytes
cytoxic t cells play an important role in ___ and ____
- cthe regulation of the immune response
2. act as an effector cell.
ctyotocix t have the ___ surface marker
cd8
recognition of target cells by CTYOTOXIC T CELLS is mediated via a specific receptor and the entire process is __- specific.
antigen
most cytotoxic T cell reactions are restricted to killing cells that have self antigen in addition to foreign antigen — >This leads to a ____ number of possible target cell types
very limited
The major type of infected cell implicated as a target of cytotoxic T-cells are ___ infected cells
virally
intracellularly infected cells such as those cells infected with protozoan parasites might be killed by ____ liberating the parasite and allowing macrophages to ingest the phagocyte and kill it.
cytotoxic T-cells
Som____ are able to kill nonself cells partthe icularly those associated with transplants.
e cytotoxic cells
NK cells kill without apparent specificty:
tumor cells and
virally infected cells
using ___ NK cells some subspecifities are apparent
cloned
most to least proportion of leukocytes
Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
