Introduction to Human Movement II: Describing Motion Flashcards
1
Q
Introduction to Describing Motion
A
- basic movements occur within the body: in isolation and in combination
- terminology is “language” commonly used by movement professionals
- anatomic terms independent of perspective
- has great utility in PT
- the preparation phase begins
2
Q
Absolute vs. Universal
A
- absolute: coordinate system/planes of body
- universal: environmental remains the same
3
Q
Flexion
A
- rotation of one or more bony levers
- ventral surfaces are often approximated
- generally occurs in sagittal plane
- opposite of extension
- hyperflexion describes movement beyond the normal range for flexion
4
Q
Extension
A
- rotation of one or more bony levers
- dorsal surfaces are generally approximated
- generally occurs in sagittal plane
- opposite of flexion
- hyperextension describes movement beyond the original zero position: common in spine, arm, thigh, and hand
5
Q
Abduction
A
- rotation of one or more bony levers
- distal segment moves away from midline
- typically occurs in the frontal plane (around the z axis as depicted in this front view)
- opposite of adduction
6
Q
Adduction
A
- rotation of one or more bony levers
- distal segment moves toward midline
- typically occurs in the frontal plane (around the z axis depicted in this front view)
- opposite of abduction
7
Q
Rotation
A
- may be either medial or lateral in extremities
- rotations designed as right or left in spine
- right rotation describes anterior surface of spine facing right: posterior spinal surface faces left
- left rotation describes anterior surface of spine facing left: posterior spinal surface faces right
- occurs in transverse plane
8
Q
Lateral Flexion
A
- moving segment is part of midline
- generally occurs in frontal plane
- axial skeleton
9
Q
Specialized Movements
A
- assigned to variety of segmental motions
- ex: elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, downward/upward rotation, horizontal ab/adduction, inversion/eversion, plantar/dorsiflexion, supination/pronation, circumduction
10
Q
Elevation
A
- describes scapular motions
- raising of scapula
- as in shrug
- opposite of depression
11
Q
Depression
A
- describes scapular motion
- lowering of scapula
- opposite of elevation
12
Q
Protraction
A
- aka scapular abduction
- the 2 scapulae move away from each other
- opposite of retraction
13
Q
Retraction
A
- aka scapular adduction
- the 2 scapulae move toward each other
- opposite of protraction
14
Q
Upward Rotation
A
- scapulae swing out
- inferior border moves away from trunk
- top border moves toward trunk
- opposite of downard rotation
15
Q
Downward Rotation
A
- scapulae swing in
- inferior border moves toward trunk
- top border moves away from trunk
- opposite of upward roation
16
Q
Horizontal Abduction
A
- rotation of one or more bony levers
- ventral surfaces are approximated
- generally occurs in horizontal plane
- opposite of horizontal adduction
17
Q
Horizontal Adduction
A
- rotation of one or more bony levers
- dorsal surfaces are approximated
- generally occurs in horizontal plane
- opposite of horizontal abduction
18
Q
Plantarflexion
A
- specialized name for ankle flexion
- plantar surface or bottom of foot moves down
- angle between foot and leg increases
- opposite of dorsiflexion
19
Q
Dorsiflexion
A
- specialized name for ankle extension
- dorsum or back of foot moves up
- ankle between foot and leg decreases
- opposite of plantarflexion
20
Q
Inversion
A
- specialized motion of ankle/foot
- sole of foot turns inward
- opposition of eversion
21
Q
Eversion
A
- specialized motion of ankle/foot
- sole of foot turns outward
- opposite of inversion
22
Q
UE Supination
A
- movement of forearm
- distal radius rotates over and back on ulna
- forearm rotates so palm faces up
- opposite of pronation
23
Q
UE Pronation
A
- movement of forearm
- distal radius rotates at radioulnar joint
- forearm rotates so palm faces down
- opposite of supination
24
Q
LE Supination
A
- combination of plantarflexion of ankle, inversion of tarsals, adduction of forefoot
- opposite of pronation
- occurs functionally during gait cycle
25
LE Pronation
- combination of dorsiflexion of ankle, eversion of tarsals, abduction of forefoot
- opposite of supination
- occurs functionally during gait cycle
26
Circumduction
- created in many joints or segments
| - segment moved in conic fashion as its end moves in circular path
27
Cardinal Planes
- describes the place or plane of motion
- but it is a relative (environment), rather than absolute (person) reference
- simple way of describing available joint motion
- segment is rotated through a cardinal plane or through a path parallel to a cardinal plane
- not constricted to these planes
- rotary motion occurs in axis perpendicular to plane
28
Anatomic Position: Point of Reference
- standing position
- forward facing
- palms forward
- cartesian coordinates in this view
- described as an absolute reference
- orientation of view is defined by author or researcher
29
Transverse Plane
- aka horizontal plane
- upper and lower
- movement occurs in plane parallel to ground
30
Frontal Plane
- aka coronal plane
| - divides body into front and back
31
Sagittal Plane
- aka anterior-posterior plane
| - divides body into right and left
32
Location of Motion: Reference Systems
- two universal or absolute reference systems in wide usage internationally
- cartesian
- international society of biomechanics (ISB)
33
Take Home Messages
- anatomical position is the "basic position" for describing human motion
- PTs regularly use specialized terminology to describe the motion seen and palpated in our patients
- cardinal planes are central to practice of PT
- cartesian and ISB systems are widely used to reference human motion
