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DPT 726: Orthopaedic Foundations > Introduction to Human Movement II: Describing Motion > Flashcards

Introduction to Human Movement II: Describing Motion Flashcards

1
Q

Introduction to Describing Motion

A
  • basic movements occur within the body: in isolation and in combination
  • terminology is “language” commonly used by movement professionals
  • anatomic terms independent of perspective
  • has great utility in PT
  • the preparation phase begins
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2
Q

Absolute vs. Universal

A
  • absolute: coordinate system/planes of body

- universal: environmental remains the same

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3
Q

Flexion

A
  • rotation of one or more bony levers
  • ventral surfaces are often approximated
  • generally occurs in sagittal plane
  • opposite of extension
  • hyperflexion describes movement beyond the normal range for flexion
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4
Q

Extension

A
  • rotation of one or more bony levers
  • dorsal surfaces are generally approximated
  • generally occurs in sagittal plane
  • opposite of flexion
  • hyperextension describes movement beyond the original zero position: common in spine, arm, thigh, and hand
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5
Q

Abduction

A
  • rotation of one or more bony levers
  • distal segment moves away from midline
  • typically occurs in the frontal plane (around the z axis as depicted in this front view)
  • opposite of adduction
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6
Q

Adduction

A
  • rotation of one or more bony levers
  • distal segment moves toward midline
  • typically occurs in the frontal plane (around the z axis depicted in this front view)
  • opposite of abduction
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7
Q

Rotation

A
  • may be either medial or lateral in extremities
  • rotations designed as right or left in spine
  • right rotation describes anterior surface of spine facing right: posterior spinal surface faces left
  • left rotation describes anterior surface of spine facing left: posterior spinal surface faces right
  • occurs in transverse plane
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8
Q

Lateral Flexion

A
  • moving segment is part of midline
  • generally occurs in frontal plane
  • axial skeleton
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9
Q

Specialized Movements

A
  • assigned to variety of segmental motions
  • ex: elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, downward/upward rotation, horizontal ab/adduction, inversion/eversion, plantar/dorsiflexion, supination/pronation, circumduction
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10
Q

Elevation

A
  • describes scapular motions
  • raising of scapula
  • as in shrug
  • opposite of depression
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11
Q

Depression

A
  • describes scapular motion
  • lowering of scapula
  • opposite of elevation
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12
Q

Protraction

A
  • aka scapular abduction
  • the 2 scapulae move away from each other
  • opposite of retraction
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13
Q

Retraction

A
  • aka scapular adduction
  • the 2 scapulae move toward each other
  • opposite of protraction
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14
Q

Upward Rotation

A
  • scapulae swing out
  • inferior border moves away from trunk
  • top border moves toward trunk
  • opposite of downard rotation
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15
Q

Downward Rotation

A
  • scapulae swing in
  • inferior border moves toward trunk
  • top border moves away from trunk
  • opposite of upward roation
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16
Q

Horizontal Abduction

A
  • rotation of one or more bony levers
  • ventral surfaces are approximated
  • generally occurs in horizontal plane
  • opposite of horizontal adduction
17
Q

Horizontal Adduction

A
  • rotation of one or more bony levers
  • dorsal surfaces are approximated
  • generally occurs in horizontal plane
  • opposite of horizontal abduction
18
Q

Plantarflexion

A
  • specialized name for ankle flexion
  • plantar surface or bottom of foot moves down
  • angle between foot and leg increases
  • opposite of dorsiflexion
19
Q

Dorsiflexion

A
  • specialized name for ankle extension
  • dorsum or back of foot moves up
  • ankle between foot and leg decreases
  • opposite of plantarflexion
20
Q

Inversion

A
  • specialized motion of ankle/foot
  • sole of foot turns inward
  • opposition of eversion
21
Q

Eversion

A
  • specialized motion of ankle/foot
  • sole of foot turns outward
  • opposite of inversion
22
Q

UE Supination

A
  • movement of forearm
  • distal radius rotates over and back on ulna
  • forearm rotates so palm faces up
  • opposite of pronation
23
Q

UE Pronation

A
  • movement of forearm
  • distal radius rotates at radioulnar joint
  • forearm rotates so palm faces down
  • opposite of supination
24
Q

LE Supination

A
  • combination of plantarflexion of ankle, inversion of tarsals, adduction of forefoot
  • opposite of pronation
  • occurs functionally during gait cycle
25
Q

LE Pronation

A
  • combination of dorsiflexion of ankle, eversion of tarsals, abduction of forefoot
  • opposite of supination
  • occurs functionally during gait cycle
26
Q

Circumduction

A
  • created in many joints or segments

- segment moved in conic fashion as its end moves in circular path

27
Q

Cardinal Planes

A
  • describes the place or plane of motion
  • but it is a relative (environment), rather than absolute (person) reference
  • simple way of describing available joint motion
  • segment is rotated through a cardinal plane or through a path parallel to a cardinal plane
  • not constricted to these planes
  • rotary motion occurs in axis perpendicular to plane
28
Q

Anatomic Position: Point of Reference

A
  • standing position
  • forward facing
  • palms forward
  • cartesian coordinates in this view
  • described as an absolute reference
  • orientation of view is defined by author or researcher
29
Q

Transverse Plane

A
  • aka horizontal plane
  • upper and lower
  • movement occurs in plane parallel to ground
30
Q

Frontal Plane

A
  • aka coronal plane

- divides body into front and back

31
Q

Sagittal Plane

A
  • aka anterior-posterior plane

- divides body into right and left

32
Q

Location of Motion: Reference Systems

A
  • two universal or absolute reference systems in wide usage internationally
  • cartesian
  • international society of biomechanics (ISB)
33
Q

Take Home Messages

A
  • anatomical position is the “basic position” for describing human motion
  • PTs regularly use specialized terminology to describe the motion seen and palpated in our patients
  • cardinal planes are central to practice of PT
  • cartesian and ISB systems are widely used to reference human motion

DPT 726: Orthopaedic Foundations (14 decks)

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