Introduction To Human Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What is the definition of anatomy?
Anatomy is a branch of natural sciences. It is defined by being the science of structure
What is the definition of physiology
Physiology is the science of body functions that is determined by the anatomy. Anatomy underpins physiology.
What are the 6 levels of organisation in anatomy and physiology?
Chemical, cellular, Tissue, Organ, System and Organismal
What is a key point of chemical levels of organisation?
Atoms —> Molecules
What are 2 key features of cellular organisations
Cellular
- Cells with organelles
- Basic unit of life
What is tissue?
Tissue is groups of cells that have a similar structure that function together as a unit.
What are the 4 types of tissue and their functions?
Epithelial= protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion and sensory reception
Connective= supports organs and cells, transports nutrients, structural support
Muscular= produces movement of the body part
Nervous= coordinating and controlling body activities
What tissue type does blood belong to?
Blood belongs to connective tissue
Give 3 reasons that body systems work together
- Maintain health
- Protect from disease
- Allow for reproduction
What is the definition of metabolism?
Metabolism= The sum of of all chemical reactions in the body. Metabolism covers any sort of chemical reaction.
Define responsiveness.
Responsiveness= detection and response to changes in the internal or external environment. Responsiveness feeds into homeostasis.
Define movement in terms of life processes.
Movement= Motion of the whole body to the tiny organelles in the cells. We need movement to be able to respond.
Define growth in terms of life processes.
Growth is an increase in body size
Define differentiation in terms of life processes.
Differentiation= Specialisation of cells
Define reproduction in terms of life processes
Reproduction= formation of new cells to production of a new individual
What two life processes tend to work together?
Growth and differentiation
What are 5 key points in homeostasis?
- Maintaining a stable internal environment
- It is a dynamic process
- Maintained by feedback systems
- Involves adjusting the value of a physiological variable
- Must be measured and then changed toward the same goal
What are 4 system components of homeostasis?
- Controlled variable
- Receptor: measures variable value
- Control centre: evaluates input from receptor and sends output to effector
- Effector: system that changes the value of controlled variable as determined by the control centre
Fill in the blanks:
What is the negative feedback system in terms of homeostasis?
- It reverses a change in the controlled variable, Bringing it back to “normal”
-This process helps to maintain homeostasis - It opposes the change that has happened to bring the controlled variable normal again
What are 4 key points of positive feedback systems when it comes to homeostasis?
- this process strengthens a change
- the process is rare but important
- must be shut down by an outside force as otherwise can be fatal
-only used in specific situations and has to be closely controlled
How does aging effect homeostasis
The aging process is a normal process which also includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis. The more you age, the more difficult it is to maintain homeostasis as everything begins to work less efficiently.
What is the definition of the clinical term “disorder”
Disorder= abnormality of structure or function
What is the definition of the clinical term “disease”
Disease=Specific illness determined by signs and symptoms
What is the definition of the clinical term “symptoms”
Symptoms= subjective changes not observable from the outside. Typically felt by the person but cannot be shown.
What is the definition of the clinical term “signs”
Signs= measurable and observable changes in a person
