Introduction To Human Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

What is the definition of anatomy?

Answer 1

Anatomy is a branch of natural sciences. It is defined by being the science of structure

Question 2

What is the definition of physiology

Answer 2

Physiology is the science of body functions that is determined by the anatomy. Anatomy underpins physiology.

Question 3

What are the 6 levels of organisation in anatomy and physiology?

Answer 3

Chemical, cellular, Tissue, Organ, System and Organismal

Question 4

What is a key point of chemical levels of organisation?

Answer 4

Atoms —> Molecules

Question 5

What are 2 key features of cellular organisations

Answer 5

Cellular
- Cells with organelles
- Basic unit of life

Question 6

What is tissue?

Answer 6

Tissue is groups of cells that have a similar structure that function together as a unit.

Question 7

What are the 4 types of tissue and their functions?

Answer 7

Epithelial= protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion and sensory reception

Connective= supports organs and cells, transports nutrients, structural support

Muscular= produces movement of the body part

Nervous= coordinating and controlling body activities

Question 8

What tissue type does blood belong to?

Answer 8

Blood belongs to connective tissue

Question 9

Give 3 reasons that body systems work together

Answer 9

1. Maintain health
2. Protect from disease
3. Allow for reproduction

Question 10

What is the definition of metabolism?

Answer 10

Metabolism= The sum of of all chemical reactions in the body. Metabolism covers any sort of chemical reaction.

Question 11

Define responsiveness.

Answer 11

Responsiveness= detection and response to changes in the internal or external environment. Responsiveness feeds into homeostasis.

Question 12

Define movement in terms of life processes.

Answer 12

Movement= Motion of the whole body to the tiny organelles in the cells. We need movement to be able to respond.

Question 13

Define growth in terms of life processes.

Answer 13

Growth is an increase in body size

Question 14

Define differentiation in terms of life processes.

Answer 14

Differentiation= Specialisation of cells

Question 15

Define reproduction in terms of life processes

Answer 15

Reproduction= formation of new cells to production of a new individual

Question 16

What two life processes tend to work together?

Answer 16

Growth and differentiation

Question 17

What are 5 key points in homeostasis?

Answer 17

1. Maintaining a stable internal environment
2. It is a dynamic process
3. Maintained by feedback systems
4. Involves adjusting the value of a physiological variable
5. Must be measured and then changed toward the same goal

Question 18

What are 4 system components of homeostasis?

Answer 18

1. Controlled variable
2. Receptor: measures variable value
3. Control centre: evaluates input from receptor and sends output to effector
4. Effector: system that changes the value of controlled variable as determined by the control centre

Question 19

Fill in the blanks:

Answer 19

Question 20

What is the negative feedback system in terms of homeostasis?

Answer 20

• It reverses a change in the controlled variable, Bringing it back to “normal”
  -This process helps to maintain homeostasis
• It opposes the change that has happened to bring the controlled variable normal again

Question 21

What are 4 key points of positive feedback systems when it comes to homeostasis?

Answer 21

• this process strengthens a change
• the process is rare but important
• must be shut down by an outside force as otherwise can be fatal
  -only used in specific situations and has to be closely controlled

Question 22

How does aging effect homeostasis

Answer 22

The aging process is a normal process which also includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis. The more you age, the more difficult it is to maintain homeostasis as everything begins to work less efficiently.

Question 23

What is the definition of the clinical term “disorder”

Answer 23

Disorder= abnormality of structure or function

Question 24

What is the definition of the clinical term “disease”

Answer 24

Disease=Specific illness determined by signs and symptoms

Question 25

What is the definition of the clinical term “symptoms”

Answer 25

Symptoms= subjective changes not observable from the outside. Typically felt by the person but cannot be shown.

Question 26

What is the definition of the clinical term “signs”

Answer 26

Signs= measurable and observable changes in a person