Introduction to Human Anatomy Lecture 1 Syed

Question 1

Who is the father of anatomy?

Answer 1

Vesalius

Question 2

What are the different ways to study anatomy?

Answer 2

• Microscopic (Histology)
• Developmental (Embryology)
• Visible (Gross Anatomy) Many subdivisions
  Images (Radiology) - CT, MRI, Ultrasounds

Question 3

What are the subdivisions of Visible (Gross) Anatomy?

Answer 3

• Comparative (within or among species)
• Functional (how structures work)
• Abnormal or Diseased (Pathology

Question 4

General Anatomy vs Clinical Anatomy

Answer 4

• General studies of anatomy deal with the function, organization, and relationships of structures in an organism. It is the first step into clinical anatomy**
• Clinical anatomy puts structure, function, organization, and relationships within an organism in the context of the maintenance of a healthy patient and the prevention and treatment of disease

Question 5

What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?

Answer 5

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive Systems.

Question 6

Integumentary System

Answer 6

Provides protection

• regulates body temp
• site of cuaeous receptors
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• prevents water loss

Question 7

Skeletal System

Answer 7

Provides support and protection

• Site of hematopoeisis (blood cell production)
• Stores calcium and phosphorus
• Allows for body movement
• Extremely dynamic - changes based on nutrients + forces

Question 8

Muscular System

Answer 8

Provides body movement

• Generates heat when muscles contract
• Important for storage of protein

Question 9

Nervous System

Answer 9

A regulatory system that controls body movement

• Responds to sensory stimuli (consciously and uncon.)
• Helps control all other systems of the body
• Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory

Question 10

Endocrine System

Answer 10

Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate

• body and cellular growth
• chemical levels in the body
• reproductive functions
• deals with growth, metabolism, reproduction, digestion, Literally anything with hormones

Question 11

Cardiovascular System

Answer 11

• Consists of a pump that moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products

Question 12

Lymphatic System

Answer 12

Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid)

• Initiates an immune response when needed
• Not very visible. It’s how we drain fluid back to blood stream. Where the tracks meet is where nodes are.
• *Remember metastasis for cancer**

Question 13

Respiratory System

Answer 13

Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and CO2) between blood and the air in the lungs

• What really makes you breathe is the diaphragm and the surrounds muscles. The lungs are passive and inflate/deflate
• Tonsils are also involved in protection here

Question 14

Digestive System

Answer 14

Mechanically and chemically digests food materials

• Absorbs nutrients
• Expels waste products

Question 15

Urinary System

Answer 15

Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood

- concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body. Most happens in the kidneys

Question 16

Male Reproductive System

Answer 16

Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone). Transfers sperm to the female

Question 17

Female Reproductive System

Answer 17

Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

• Site of fertilization of oocyte
• Site of growth and development of embryo and fetus

Question 18

What the two main body regions?

Answer 18

Axial - includes head, neck and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body
Appendicular - limbs, appendages. Attach to the body’s axis

Question 19

Regional vs. Systemic Approaches to the study of anatomry

Answer 19

Regional Anatomy = study of anatomy based on regions of the body; emphasizes relationships among structures
Systemic Anatomy = study of anatomy based on organ systems

Question 20

What is the Anatomical position?

Answer 20

Feet parallel and flat. Arms are at either side. Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body

Question 21

Three anatomical planes of reference

Answer 21

Coronal, Transverse, and Sagittal

Question 22

Coronal Plane

Answer 22

Frontal plane - a vertical plane that divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Question 23

Transverse plane

Answer 23

A cross-sectional plane/horizontal plane. Cuts perpendicular along the long axis. Separates body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

Question 24

Sagittal plane

Answer 24

Median plane. Divides the structure into right and left halves
Midsagittal plane - going through body midline
If to left or right to midsagittal - called parasagittal plane

Question 25

Directional Terms: Relative to front or back

Answer 25

(Used in medicine) Anterior = in front of; towards the front surface Posterior = in back of; towards the back surface Used in comparative/other organisms Dorsal = at the back side of the human body Ventral= at the belly side of the human body **Lower extremities for dorsal and ventral are backwards because our lower area is backwards while an embryo

Question 26

Directional Terms: Relative to the head or tail of the body

Answer 26

``` Superior = Towards the head or above Inferior = towards feet not head ``` ``` Caudal = at the ear or tail end Cranial = at the head end ```

Question 27

Directional Terms: Relative to the midline or center of the body

Answer 27

``` Medial = toward the midline of the body Lateral = away from the midline of the body Deep = On the inside, underneath another structure Superficial = on the outside ```

Question 28

Directional Terms: Relative to the point of attachment of the appendage

Answer 28

``` Proximal = closest to the point of attachment to trunk Distal = furthest from point of attachment to trunk ```

Question 29

What cavities are enclosed in the posterior aspect of the body?

Answer 29

Cranial cavity - is formed by the cranium and houses the brain Vertebral canal - is formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

Question 30

What are the two layers that line the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities with serous membranes?

Answer 30

Parietal layer - lines the internal surface of the body wall | Visceral layer - covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity

Question 31

What is between the parietal and muscular layers of the serous membrane?

Answer 31

A this serous city. It contains a lubricating firm of serous fluid

Question 32

Give an example of what can occur if the parietal and visceral layers are split apart

Answer 32

Collapsed lung: This occurs when the two membranes are split apart, which stops the lung from being able to move

Question 33

What is the mediastinum and what does it contain?

Answer 33

It is the median space in the thoracic cavity (add pic) | It contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart

Question 34

What is the pericardium?

Answer 34

It is the two-layered serous membrane that encloses the heart within the mediastinum (add pic)

Question 35

Which cavity contains the lungs?

Answer 35

The thoracic cavity

Question 36

What is the pleura?

Answer 36

It is the two-layered serous membrane that lines the lungs

Question 37

Define: Parietal and visceral pleura

Answer 37

Parietal pleura - the outer layer of the pleura. It lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall Visceral pleura - the inner layer of the pleura. It covers the external surface of the lung The potential space between them is called the pleural cavity

Question 38

What is the peritoneum?

Answer 38

It is a moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity Contains the parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum.. Space in between is called the peritoneal cavity (pic)

Question 39

How many sections is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into?

Answer 39

Nine (pic)