Introduction to Human Anatomy Lecture 1 Syed Flashcards
Who is the father of anatomy?
Vesalius
What are the different ways to study anatomy?
- Microscopic (Histology)
- Developmental (Embryology)
- Visible (Gross Anatomy) Many subdivisions
Images (Radiology) - CT, MRI, Ultrasounds
What are the subdivisions of Visible (Gross) Anatomy?
- Comparative (within or among species)
- Functional (how structures work)
- Abnormal or Diseased (Pathology
General Anatomy vs Clinical Anatomy
- General studies of anatomy deal with the function, organization, and relationships of structures in an organism. It is the first step into clinical anatomy**
- Clinical anatomy puts structure, function, organization, and relationships within an organism in the context of the maintenance of a healthy patient and the prevention and treatment of disease
What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive Systems.
Integumentary System
Provides protection
- regulates body temp
- site of cuaeous receptors
- Synthesizes vitamin D
- prevents water loss
Skeletal System
Provides support and protection
- Site of hematopoeisis (blood cell production)
- Stores calcium and phosphorus
- Allows for body movement
- Extremely dynamic - changes based on nutrients + forces
Muscular System
Provides body movement
- Generates heat when muscles contract
- Important for storage of protein
Nervous System
A regulatory system that controls body movement
- Responds to sensory stimuli (consciously and uncon.)
- Helps control all other systems of the body
- Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory
Endocrine System
Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate
- body and cellular growth
- chemical levels in the body
- reproductive functions
- deals with growth, metabolism, reproduction, digestion, Literally anything with hormones
Cardiovascular System
- Consists of a pump that moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste products
Lymphatic System
Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid)
- Initiates an immune response when needed
- Not very visible. It’s how we drain fluid back to blood stream. Where the tracks meet is where nodes are.
- *Remember metastasis for cancer**
Respiratory System
Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and CO2) between blood and the air in the lungs
- What really makes you breathe is the diaphragm and the surrounds muscles. The lungs are passive and inflate/deflate
- Tonsils are also involved in protection here
Digestive System
Mechanically and chemically digests food materials
- Absorbs nutrients
- Expels waste products
Urinary System
Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood
- concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body. Most happens in the kidneys
Male Reproductive System
Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone). Transfers sperm to the female
Female Reproductive System
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
- Site of fertilization of oocyte
- Site of growth and development of embryo and fetus
What the two main body regions?
Axial - includes head, neck and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body
Appendicular - limbs, appendages. Attach to the body’s axis
Regional vs. Systemic Approaches to the study of anatomry
Regional Anatomy = study of anatomy based on regions of the body; emphasizes relationships among structures
Systemic Anatomy = study of anatomy based on organ systems
What is the Anatomical position?
Feet parallel and flat. Arms are at either side. Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body
Three anatomical planes of reference
Coronal, Transverse, and Sagittal
Coronal Plane
Frontal plane - a vertical plane that divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Transverse plane
A cross-sectional plane/horizontal plane. Cuts perpendicular along the long axis. Separates body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
Sagittal plane
Median plane. Divides the structure into right and left halves
Midsagittal plane - going through body midline
If to left or right to midsagittal - called parasagittal plane
Directional Terms: Relative to front or back
(Used in medicine)
Anterior = in front of; towards the front surface
Posterior = in back of; towards the back surface
Used in comparative/other organisms
Dorsal = at the back side of the human body
Ventral= at the belly side of the human body
**Lower extremities for dorsal and ventral are backwards because our lower area is backwards while an embryo
Directional Terms: Relative to the head or tail of the body
Superior = Towards the head or above Inferior = towards feet not head
Caudal = at the ear or tail end Cranial = at the head end
Directional Terms: Relative to the midline or center of the body
Medial = toward the midline of the body Lateral = away from the midline of the body Deep = On the inside, underneath another structure Superficial = on the outside
Directional Terms: Relative to the point of attachment of the appendage
Proximal = closest to the point of attachment to trunk Distal = furthest from point of attachment to trunk
What cavities are enclosed in the posterior aspect of the body?
Cranial cavity - is formed by the cranium and houses the brain
Vertebral canal - is formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
What are the two layers that line the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities with serous membranes?
Parietal layer - lines the internal surface of the body wall
Visceral layer - covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity
What is between the parietal and muscular layers of the serous membrane?
A this serous city. It contains a lubricating firm of serous fluid
Give an example of what can occur if the parietal and visceral layers are split apart
Collapsed lung: This occurs when the two membranes are split apart, which stops the lung from being able to move
What is the mediastinum and what does it contain?
It is the median space in the thoracic cavity (add pic)
It contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart
What is the pericardium?
It is the two-layered serous membrane that encloses the heart within the mediastinum (add pic)
Which cavity contains the lungs?
The thoracic cavity
What is the pleura?
It is the two-layered serous membrane that lines the lungs
Define: Parietal and visceral pleura
Parietal pleura - the outer layer of the pleura. It lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
Visceral pleura - the inner layer of the pleura. It covers the external surface of the lung
The potential space between them is called the pleural cavity
What is the peritoneum?
It is a moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
Contains the parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum.. Space in between is called the peritoneal cavity (pic)
How many sections is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into?
Nine (pic)
