Introduction to Histology (Lecture 1)

Question 1

What are the steps involved in histology?

Answer 1

Specimen acquisition, Fixation, Dehydration, Embedding, Section, Stain

Question 2

Fixation

Answer 2

Preserve the structure

Question 3

Dehydration

Answer 3

remove water

Question 4

embedding

Answer 4

stiffen to cut

Question 5

section

Answer 5

improves resolution

Question 6

stain

Answer 6

produces contrast

Question 7

How do cells deal with entropy?

Answer 7

By increasing the entropy in their surroundings e.g. creating compartments. This ensures the right molecule goes to the right place at the right time. Cells contain large amounts of membrane to create these compartments.

Question 8

What are organelles in the cytoplasm?

Answer 8

membrane/non membrane bound which each have a specific function

Question 9

What are inclusions in the cytoplasm?

Answer 9

Small, insoluble particles such as calcium crystals, glycogen, lipid droplets

Question 10

What is cytosol in the cytoplasm?

Answer 10

Water, salts, organic molecules, soluble proteins, cytoskeletal protein filaments

Question 11

Describe the plasma membrane of 2 cells

Answer 11

9nm wide, selectively permeable, dynamic boundary with pumps, channels and receptors.

Question 12

Function and structure of a microtubule

Answer 12

Function: intracellular support, cell shape, cilia movement, chromosome arrangement, dynamic structure. Structure: hollow cylinders, 22nm diameter, 5nm thick wall

Question 13

Function and structure of microfilaments

Answer 13

Function: Microvilli structure and cell cytoplasm extensions. Structure: Actin protein, 6nm diameter

Question 14

Function of the mitochondria

Answer 14

generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle and Beta oxidation of fatty acids.

Question 15

Function and structure of the rough ER

Answer 15

Function: Protein synthesis. Structure: cisterna covered with ribosomes

Question 16

Function and structure of the smooth ER

Answer 16

Function: metabolism, detoxification, isolate calcium, membrane formation. Structure: cisterna and glycogen inclusions

Question 17

Function and structure of the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 17

Functions: sorting and packaging proteins. Structure: Cisterna form crescent shape with vesicles budding off

Question 18

Describe secretory vesicles

Answer 18

They are membrane-bound and produced by the cell. They contain 1 protein to be exocytosed form the cell or incorporated into a lysosome

Question 19

Cisternae

Answer 19

Flat sheets of membrane

Question 20

Cristae

Answer 20

Folds of membrane

Question 21

Function and structure of the cytoskeleton

Answer 21

Function: structural support, intracellular movement of organelles and metabolites. Structure: non-membranous microtubules and microfilaments