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week 1 > Introduction To Histology - Epithelium > Flashcards

Introduction To Histology - Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

What is epithelia ?

A

Type of tissue.
Epithelia are a continuous sheet of cells covering the surfaces of the body.
Include both: surface epithelia + solid organs

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2
Q

What does epithelial tissue look like

A

Cells in close contact
Cells are polarised- supported by basement membrane

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3
Q

What does the basement membrane provide for epithelial tissue?

A

Provides site of attachment
Also separates the epithelium from underlying supporting tissues
Epithelial cells therefore polarised

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4
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular ?

A

Avascular -> nourished by connective tissue which have blood vessels

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5
Q

What are the function of epithelial tissue ?

A

Covers and protects surfaces outside and inside of the body

Lines internal cavities, blood vessels and organs

Forms glandular structures

Forms barriers

Combines with nervous tissue to make special senses -> neuroepithelium

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6
Q

What are the two major types of epithelia ?

A

Covering epithelia and glandular epithelia

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7
Q

What is covering epithelia and what is its function ?

A

Covers/lines all body surfaces, cavities, tubes

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8
Q

What are glands ?

A

An organised collection of secretory epithelial cells

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9
Q

How are glands formed ?

A

Development of proliferation/invagination of epithelium -> project into underlying connective tissue

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10
Q

What are the two types of glands ?

A

Exocrine gland
Endocrine gland

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11
Q

What are exocrine glands ?

A

Retain continuity with surface- secrete via duct

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12
Q

What are endocrine glands ?

A

Lose contact with surface when their ducts degenerate during development
-> secrete directly into bloodstream

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13
Q

How can epithelia be classified ?

A

Number of layers
Shapes of cells
Surface specialisations

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14
Q

Explain simple in terms of layers

A

Single layer
Good for absorption/secretion fragile

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15
Q

Explain stratified in terms of layers ?

A

2 or more layers of cells, good for protection

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16
Q

Explain pseudostratified in terms of layers

A

One layer with mixture of cell shapes
Looks stratified as nuclei at different levels and not all cells reach surface
All cells in contact with basement membrane

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17
Q

What does a squamous cell look like ?

A

Squamous - flat shaped

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18
Q

What does cuboidal shape look like ?

A

Cube shaped

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19
Q

What does columnar shape of cell look like ?

A

Tall cylindrical shaped

20
Q

What does a transitional shape cell look like ?

A

Readily changes shape, accommodates stretching

21
Q

What are the classifications of epithelial tissue ?

A

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
simple columnar
Stratified squamous
Pseudostratified
Transitional

22
Q

What is the structure of simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells
Irregularly shaped/hexagonal
Compared to scales on a fish

23
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium

A

Diffusion, filtration, some secretion and protection against friction
Due to delicate thin lining which allows easy passage of fluid

24
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium sound

A

Lining of blood vessels and the heart
Alveoli
Lining of serous membranes of the body cavities
Lining of some kidney tubules, etc

25
Q

What is the structure o simple cuboidal epithelium ?

A

Single layer of cube shaped cells
Some cells which are kidney tubules have microvilli

26
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Good for diffusion
Lines small ducts that have excretory, secretory and absorptive functions
- good for secretion and absorption

27
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelium found

A

Kidney tubules,
Glands and their ducts,
Lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs,
Surfaces of the ovaries

28
Q

What is the structure of simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of tall, narrow cells;
Nuclei are elongated
Some cells have cilia (bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterine tubes, and uterus) or microvilli (intestines)

29
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium

A

Movement of substances, absorption and Secretion
Offer more protection than flatter cells

30
Q

Where can simple columnar epithelium be found

A

Location: Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain

31
Q

What is the structure of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Multiple layers of cells that are cube-shaped in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface

32
Q

The basal layer contains which type of cell ?

A

Continuously dividing stem cells

33
Q

Explain keratinisation in stratified squamous epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium cells can be nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized;

34
Q

What does stratified squamous look like

A
35
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous

A

Protection against abrasion, a barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body

36
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelium found ?

A

Keratinized— skin
Nonkeratinized— mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, cornea

37
Q

What is the structure of pseudostratified epithelium

A

Technically single
layer - some cells reach the free surface others do not;
Nuclei at different levels so appears stratified
Almost always ciliated and associated with goblet cells (secrete mucus)

38
Q

In a pseudo-stratified epithelium what do all cells do even though it seems stratified

A

All cells touch basal layer

39
Q

What is the function of pseudo stratified epithelium

A

Synthesize and secrete mucus & move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the surface
Due to goblet cells and cilia

40
Q

Where are pseudostratified epithelium found

A

Lining of the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of the lungs

41
Q

How would pseudostratified epithelium be found

A

Almost always has cilia and multiple rows of nuclei

42
Q

What is the structure of transitional epithelium

A

Structure: Cuboidal/columnar when not stretched
Squamous/flattenend when stretched

Cell layers also decrease when stretched
Eg non distended 5/6 layers to 2/3 layers

43
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium

A

Accommodate fluctuations in the volume of
fluid in organs or tubes (tolerates stretching & recoil without damage)

Can withstand toxicity of urine

44
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found

A

Lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra, pelvis of the kidney (i.e. structures where considerable expansion occurs)

45
Q

Hat does transitional epithelium look like

A
46
Q

What is the difference between transitional epithelium between when organ is empty and filled

A

Empty - thicker epithelium
More layers
Cells have rounded borders

Filled organ- 2,3 layers
Cells have become flattened and no longer rounded
Resemble squamous epithelium

week 1 (6 decks)

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