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Medicine Letures- Cell > Introduction to Histology > Flashcards

Introduction to Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

To regulate the transport of chemicals between the outside and the inside of a cell

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2
Q

What is the basic structure of a plasma membrane? What is this described as?

A
  • lipid bilayer
  • made of many lipids, proteins and carbs
  • semi-permeable membrane
  • ‘fluid mosaic’ model
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3
Q

What is the concept of the ‘fluid mosaic’ model

A
  • individual phospholipids can move in relation to each other
  • forms a dynamic structure
  • embedded with larger molecules like proteins
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4
Q

What is the general structure of phospholipids found in the bilayer? How do phopholipids behave in water?

A
  • polar hydrophilic head
  • non-polar hydrophobic tails
  • in an aqueous environment, tails orientate themselves away from the water
  • this forms the bilayer
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5
Q

What are the 4 different types of proteins that can be found on the plasma membrane?

A

Structural
Transport
Receptors
Proteins with enzymatic activity

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6
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A
  • nine sets of 3 microtubules
  • occurs in pairs
  • in a pair of centrioles, individual centrioles are arranged perpendicular to each other
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7
Q

Where are centrioles found?

A
  • in an area near the nucleus

- called the centrosome (cell centre)

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8
Q

What are the 2 functions of centrioles?

A
  • organise microtubular network

- organise development of microtubules in cilia

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9
Q

What is the structure of the RER?

A
  • network of tubules
  • ribosomes dotted around
  • vesicles
  • flattened cisternae continuous with nuclear envelope
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10
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

To process and fold proteins via glycosylation and structural changes

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11
Q

What is the structure of the SER?

A
  • irregular network of tubes
  • vesicles continuous with RER
  • no ribsomes
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12
Q

What are the 2 functions of the SER?

A
  • synthesis of lipids

- intracellular transport

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13
Q

How many subunits do ribosomes compose of?

A

2

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14
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

It is the site of mRNA translation for protein synthesis

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15
Q

Where are the 2 possible places a ribosome can be found and what is the difference between the protein synthesis that occurs in both areas?

A
  • either in cytosol (for cell protein synthesis)

- or attached to ER (for membrane/secretion protein synthesis)

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16
Q

What are the 3 functions of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • modification of proteins, by addition of sugars
  • proteolysis- activation of peptides
  • sorting and packaging of macromolecules into vesicles for transport within the cell and for secretion
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17
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A
  • hollow fibres
  • formed from 2 protein subunits- alpha and beta tubulin, which join alternatively to form protofilament chains and arrange into groups of 13
  • constantly forming and unforming within the cell
  • grow out of the centrosome
  • proteins used to stabilise it
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18
Q

What are the 5 functions of microtubules?

A
  • intracellular transport
  • present in cilia and flagella
  • form cell cytoskeleton
  • form filaments of mitotic spindle
  • form centrioles and basal bodies
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19
Q

Which cell does not contain microtubules?

A

Red blood cells

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20
Q

What is the structure of intermediate filaments?

A
  • intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments
  • vary slightly according to the cell type they’re in
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21
Q

What are 2 examples of the variation of intermediate filaments found in cells?

A
  • cells showing muscle differentiation contain desmin

- epithelial cells all contain cytokeratin

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22
Q

What are the 2 functions of intermediate filaments?

A
  • provide mechanical support for the plasma membrane

- reinforce cells and organise them into tissues

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23
Q

What is the structure of microfilaments?

A
  • composed of actin
  • smallest proteins of cytoskeleton
  • form crosslinked mesh below plasma membrane
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24
Q

What are the 3 functions of microfilaments?

A
  • provide mechanical support to plasma membrane
  • actin molecules form bundles which protrude membrane to form microvilli
  • actin and myosin generate motion
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25
Q

What is the structure of microvilli?

A
  • small finger-like projections

- found on apical surface of most epithelial cells

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26
Q

What does the number and shape of microvilli correlate to?

A

The absorptive capacity of the cell

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27
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

To increase the surface area of the cell

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28
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A
  • has its own DNA so can synthesise proteins
  • double membrane
  • folded into cristae
  • fluid-filled matrix
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29
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site for aerobic respiration and provides energy to cells via oxidative phosphorylation

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30
Q

Which cell does not have mitochondria?

A

Red blood cells

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31
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

-contains nucleoulus, nucleoplasm, pores and a nuclear envelope

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32
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains cell DNA and is the site of RNA transcription

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33
Q

What are the 2 functions of the nucleolus?

A
  • site of transcription

- processing of rRNAs and their assembly into ribosomal subunits before export to cytoplasm

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34
Q

What does the size of the nucleolus depend on?

A

Depends on how metabolically active the cell is

35
Q

What can be seen on a metaphase spread and what is it used for?

A
  • can see fully condensed chromosome

- used for karotype analysis

36
Q

Which stain is used for the metaphase spread and what colour does it produce?

A
  • propidium iodide

- produces a red colour

37
Q

What is epithelium?

A
  • the covering outside the body
  • lines many hollow organs
  • made up of epithelial cells
38
Q

What functions does epithelium have?

A

Secretory and absorptive functions

39
Q

What are the 3 major types of cells that make epithelium?

A

Squamous
Glandular
Transitional

40
Q

Where is squamous epithelium found?

A
  • skin

- lining of hollow organs e.g. oral cavity, oesophagus, anal canal, vagina

41
Q

How is squamous epithelium described?

A
  • flat
  • either simple (single layer of cells) or,
  • stratified (many layers of cells)
42
Q

Which cells line blood vessels?

A

Endothelial cells

43
Q

Which cells line body cavities?

A

Mesothelial cells

44
Q

What do glandular epithelial cells do?

A 
Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
-islets cells in pancreas secrete insulin
Lining of some hollow organs
-GI tract etc
Make other substances
-breast epithelium produces milk
Absorb material
-large bowel-lining cells absorb water and salts from bowel contents
45
Q

What types of glandular epithelium are there?

A

-columnar and cuboidal

46
Q

Which organs do transitional cells line?

A

Kidneys, bladder and the rest of the urinary tract

47
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Specialised junctions that join together layers of cells in squamous epithelium

48
Q

What does the upper part of squamous cells contain, and what does this cause?

A

Keratin, makes the surface hard-wearing

49
Q

What is the surface of the skin called and what is it made up of?

A
  • called the epidermis

- made up of stratified squamous epithelium

50
Q

What key property does transitional epithelium have?

A

-being able to stretch and recoil depending on urine volume

51
Q

What is transitional epithelium resistant to?

A

The adverse effects of urine

52
Q

What makes up the musculo-skeletal system?

A

-muscles, bony skeleton, tendons, joints

53
Q

Which cells make up adipose tissue and what is their function?

A

Adipocytes (fat cells), they store fat

54
Q

What are the 3 functions of adipose tissue?

A
  • energy reserve
  • insulation
  • peripheral synthesis of some hormones
55
Q

Where is adipose tissue found?

A
  • immediately underneath the skin

- around some internal organs e.g. kidneys

56
Q

Where is fibrous connective tissue found?

A

Within all organ systems except CNS

57
Q

What type of tissue is found in the CNS?

A

Fibroblasts

58
Q

What is the specialised function of fibrous connective tissue?

A

To make collagen

59
Q

What is collagen?

A
  • protein that’s secreted out of the cell into spaces between organs
  • forms part of the extra-cellular matrix
  • forms flexible but tough tissue
60
Q

What does collagen help do to organs?

A

Helps to hold them in place within the body

61
Q

What are the 3 different types of connective tissue?

A
  • loose (areolar)
  • dense irregular
  • dense regular
62
Q

What is the process of ossification?

A

Where osteoblasts convert cartilage/fibrous tissue into bone (a.k.a the process of bone formation)

63
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cells that synthesise extra-cellular matrix material (such as glycoaminoglycans) which make up cartilage and repair it

64
Q

What is the purpose of cartilage?

A

Forms a low friction cover for bones where joints are formed

65
Q

Where are synovial cells found and what is their purpose?

A
  • found in joints

- purpose is to make joints fluid to allow easy movement and to cushion bones

66
Q

What are chondroblasts?

A

Cells that secrete the major component of cartilage (extracellular matrix). Once they do this, they become less active and are now called chondrocytes

67
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

68
Q

What does the classification of cartilage depend on?

A

Fibrous proteins

69
Q

What is hyaline cartilage made up of? What is its function and where is it found?

A
  • Type II collagen
  • created as a temporary skeleton for bone formation
  • found in joints and lungs
70
Q

What is fibrocartilagecartilage made up of and where is it found?

A
  • Type I and II collagen

- found in intervertebral discs and tendon attachment to bones

71
Q

What is elastic cartilage made up of and where is it found?

A
  • Type II collagen and elastic fibres

- found in ears, epiglottis and larynx

72
Q

What are two examples of pathology in epithelial cells?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Breast cancer

73
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

A
  • type of skin cancer
  • exposure to sun causes damage to DNA in the nuclei of squamous cells
  • can lead to uncontrolled cell division so more cells are produced than needed
74
Q

What is breast cancer?

A
  • type of cancer where breast epithelial cells undergo cancerous/malignant change
  • invade through fatty connective tissue of the breast
75
Q

What is an example of pathology in the musculo-skeletal system?

A

Inflammation of joints- Arthritis

76
Q

Name a cause of Arthritis

A

Gout

77
Q

What is gout?

A
  • impaired ability to deal with uric acids so it sits in soft tissue and joints
  • causing an inflammatory reaction with neutrophils entering the joint
  • causes pain and swelling
78
Q

Which joint does gout affect?

A

The first tarso-metatarsal joint

79
Q

What is an example of pathology in muscles?

A

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

80
Q

What causes a myocardial infarction?

A
  • build up of fatty deposits in the walls of blood vessels going to the heart
  • means blood supple to the heart muscle is obstructed
  • heart muscle cells then start to die
81
Q

What is an example of pathology in the NS?

A

Diabetes

82
Q

What does diabetes affect?

A
  • blood vessels supplying various organise such as the eyes and kidneys
  • sensory nerve endings
83
Q

What are long-term complications of diabetes?

A
  • lack of sensation in feet

- impaired vision

Medicine Letures- Cell (11 decks)

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