Introduction to Hematology Flashcards
What is hematopoiesis?
the process by which all blood cells differentiate (along different lines of development) from hematopoietic stem cells into all the different types of blood cells
What is hemolysis?
premature breakdown and destruction of RBCs
What is erythropoiesis?
process by which RBCs are produced
usually stimulated by low O2
What is Anemia?
a decrease in circulating RBCs (red blood cell mass) due to
- increased destruction
- decreased production
- loss (bleeding)
often related to Fe deficiency
What is hemostasis? What 3 factors are involved?
Process that causes bleeding to stop through the interaction of
1. platelets
2. enothelium
3. coagulation proteins
carefully regulated (only with injuries// not in circulating blood)
What is thrombosis?
pathogenic clotting of blood
no longer balanced by inhibitory factors and fibrinolytic system
(DVT)
sx can be sweling or backflow
What is the basic shape/composition of an erythrocyte?
biconcave disc - high surface are to volume ratio - deformable no nucleus or mitochondria (lost before leave marrow) 120 day lifespan dependent on anaerobic metabolism
What are the 5 types of white blood cells?
- Lymphocytes
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Where do the malignant cells originate in leukemia?
in the bone marrow
Where do the malignant cells in lymphoma originate?
extramedullary (outside bone marrow)
ususally involve:
- lymph nodes
- other lymph organs
What does an acute classification mean in leukemia?
malignant cells are immature in terms of differentiation
- rapid clinical progression without intervention
What does a chronic classification mean in leukemia?
malignant cells are more mature in terms of differentiation
- disease follows indolent (lazy/ slow) course
What is lymphoid leukemia compared to myeloid leukemia?
Lymphoid- arrises from lymphocytic lineage
myeloid - arises from any other cell type in marrow
usually malignant cell shares surface markers or cell products with normal counterpart leading to a specific classification
What are platelets?
cellular component of blood that is responsible for homeostasis (clotting)
Where do platelets come from?
Megakaryocyte
[megakaryblast -> promegakaryocyte -> megakaryocyte -> metamegakaryocyt -> thrombocyte (platelet)]
How do platelets function?
Interact with endothelim and blood coagulation factors at the site of an injury to form clot and repair damage
Inhibitory factors and fibrinolytic system balances this action by breaking down formed clots
What components of blood are in the buffy coat?
WBCs
platelets
What components of blood are in the plasma?
proteins lipids salts carbohydrates enzymes
What component of blood is in the hematocrit?
RBCs
In terms of survival, how does the lace of a nucleus affect RBCs?
They cannot easily adapt to changes in environment
- die if changes are too extreme
What substrates are important for erythropoiesis?
B12
Folate
Fe
erythropoietin
Where is erythropoietin produced?
Kidney
What causes spherocytes?
Spleen pinches off abnormal portions of RBC membrane, gradually reducing surface area to volume ratio
What type of anemia is caused by decreased G6PD? What is the resulting cell morphology?
acute hemolytic anemia with stress
- reduced capacity to prevent cellular damage by oxygen radicals
(no mitochondria means cells rely on anaerobic metabolism for energy)
Heinz bodies are removed from cell by spleen =>
Bite cells
