Introduction to haematology blood tests (Panopto video file) Flashcards
What does anaemia refer to?
A shortage of red blood cells or their haemoglobin content
What are 4 ways anaemias may be classified by pathophysiology?
- Blood loss
- Decreased production
- Dysfunctional red blood cells (sickle cell anaemia)
- Increased destruction
What are 3 ways anaemias can be classified based on morphology?
- Normocytic
- Microcytic
- Macrocytic
How can anaemias be classified based on colour and appearance?
Normochromic vs hypochromic vs hyperchromic (based on their blood film)
What is a usual reference point for the size of red blood cells on a blood smear?
The size of lymphocytes
What is the relationship between reticulocytes and anaemia?
Reticulocytes are pushed out into the blood when a patient is anaemic as a compensatory mechanism
What are two common causes of macrocytic anaemia?
- B12 deficiency
- Folate deficiency
What is the usual anaemia seen with B12 deficiency?
Macrocytic anaemia
Does folate deficiency usually lead to macrocytic or microcytic anaemia?
Macrocytic anaemia
What type of anaemia is commonly seen with iron deficiency?
Hypochromic microcytic anaemia
What type of anaemia is commonly seen with iron deficiency?
Hypochromic microcytic anaemia
What is the Rouleaux formation of blood cells?
Stacks of red blood cells clumping together due to an increase in serum protein levels
What are target cells?
Cells with a bullseye appearance, common with haemoglobin C disease, but also seen in liver disease and thalassaemia
What conditions are teardrop cells characteristic of?
Myelofibrosis or extramedullary haematopoiesis
What is myelofibrosis?
A rare form of bone disease whereby the soft tissues on the inside of bones are replaced by fibrous scar tissue
What is extramedullary haematopoesis?
Abnormal growth of blood forming cells outside the bone marrows, forming blood cells in other parts of the body