Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Haematology > Introduction to Haematology > Flashcards

Introduction to Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

When you centrifuge blood what three layers does it produce?

A

Plasma
Buffy coat
Red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can be found in the plasma layer of centrifuged blood?

A

Clotting or coagulation factors
Albumin
Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is found in the buffy coat?

A

Platelets

White cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some features of stem cells?

A

Totipotent (can differentiate into all cells of the blood)
Self-renewing
Regulated by hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is bone marrow mostly found?

A

Bones (esp. axial in elderly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the appearance of bone marrow?

A

Stroma + sinusoids

Fat cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What hormone regulates erythropoiesis? What organ produces it?

A

EPO (erythropoietin) made in kidney in response to hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a normal reticulocyte count?

A

Usually about 1%

Can rise to 10% if you are bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is reticulocyte count essentially a measure of?

A

Red cell production (as they are the early RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Do reticulocytes have a nucleus?

A

Like RBCs they do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

Too many red cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What red cells do you see in renal failure?

A

May have burr cells (cells that look like sea urchins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What regulates platelet production? Where is it made?

A

Thrombopoitein

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What things may cause thrombocytosis?

A 
Reactive thrombocytosis (to cancer, infection, bleeding etc.) 
Myeloid malignancies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What may cause thrombocytopenia?

A

Marrow failure

Immune destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which drugs can alter the function of platelets?

A

Aspirin
Clopidogrel
Abciximab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Ingest + destroy pathogens

Esp. bacteria + fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils?

A

1-2 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How long does it take a neutrophil to respond to infection?

A

Few hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What interleukin is predominantly produced by macrophages?

A

IL-17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What may cause neutrophilia?

A

Infection, inflammation (e.g. post MI, post-op, RA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What may cause neutropenia?

A 
Subsaharan africans may have lower levels
Decreased production (e.g. marrow failure, drugs) 
Increased consumption (e.g. sepsis, autoimmune) 
Altered function (e.g. chronic granulomatous disease)
24
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Ingest + destroy pathogens

25
Q

What are the monocytes that migrate into tissues called?

A

Macrophages

26
Q

Give examples of macrophages?

A

Lung alveolar macrophages

Liver Kupffer cells

27
Q

What can cause monocytosis?

A

Usually assoc. with neutrophilia

Mycobacteria infection

28
Q

What can cause monocytopenia?

A

Hairy cell leukaemia

29
Q

Eosinophils are involved in immunity against what?

A

Parasites

Also involved in allergy

30
Q

Name 2 features of lymphocytes that differ from myelocytes?

A

Adaptive, immunolgocial memory

31
Q

What causes lymphocytosis?

A

Viral infections mostly (e.g. IM, pertussis)

32
Q

What causes lymphopenia?

A

Post-vial common

Lymphoma

33
Q

What are the functions of B cells?

A

Making antibodies/precursors for making antibodies

34
Q

What are the functions of T cells?

A

Helper - regulates adaptive immune system
Cytotoxic - kills pathogens
Regulatory - dampens immune system

35
Q

Where are B cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

36
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

Thymus

37
Q

What are the roles of antibodies?

A

Adaptors between pathogens + clearance systems
Opsonisation
Fix complement
Block binding

38
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Process of marking a pathogen for destruction to be engulfed by a macrophage

39
Q

Where do B cells reside in the lymph node?

A

Follicles

40
Q

Where do T cells reside in lymph nodes?

A

Paracortex

41
Q

Where do plasma cells reside in lymph nodes?

A

Medulla

42
Q

Where do B cells undergo expansion and selection?

A

Germinal centre of lymph node

43
Q

What does the HLA gene encode for?

A

MHC protein - which are responsible for the regulation of the immune system

44
Q

What are the two classes of HLA genes and where are they found?

A

Class 1 - all nucleated cells

Class 2 - on APC cells

45
Q

Give examples of APC cells?

A

B cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages

46
Q

What haematological abnormalities can hepatic disease lead to?

A

Anaemia

Deficient clotting factors

47
Q

What haematological abnormalities can renal disease lead to?

A

Anaemia

HUS

48
Q

What haematological abnormalities can CV disease lead to?

A

Anaemia

49
Q

What haematological abnormalities can respiratory disease lead to?

A

Polycythaemia

50
Q

What haematological abnormalities can GI disease lead to?

A

Anaemia

51
Q

What tests may be useful in haematology?

A 
FBC
Clotting time for clotting factors
Bleeding time for platelets
Platelet + leucocyte function tests
Haematinics (B12, folate, iron)
Marrow aspirate + trephine 
Lymph node biopsy
Imaging
52
Q

Where is a marrow aspirate/trephine commonly taken from now?

A

Iliac crest

53
Q

What two kinds of pulp are found in the spleen and what is their functions?

A

White: immune
Red: red cells maturation

54
Q

What does hypersplenism lead to?

A

Pancytopenia - red/white cells spend too much time in spleen and not circulating around

55
Q

What does hyposplenism lead to?

A

Infections with encapsulated bacteria (meningococcus, pneumococcus, haemophilus)
Red cell changes

56
Q

What things may cause splenomegaly?

A

Inections, e.g. EBV, CMV, TB, Brucella, malaria, leishmaniasis
Haematological malignancy
Portal hypertension
Haemolytic conditions (immune, spherocytosis, thalassaemia etc.)
Connective tissue dx (Felty’s, SLE)
Malignancy, sarcoid, amyloid, genetic

Haematology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions