Introduction to haematology Flashcards
name the 3 types of blood cell?
Red
White
Platelets
give the term for the production of blood cells?
what are all blood cells derived from?
- haematopoiesis
- pluripotent stem cells
Give the sites of haematopoiesis at the following stages:
- Embryo
- Birth
- Birth to maturity
- Adult
- yolk sac then liver, in 3rd to 7th month- spleen
- mostly bone marrow, liver and spleen when needed
- no. of active sites in bone marrow decreases but retain ability for haematopiesis
- bone marrow of skull, ribs, sternum, pelvis, proximal ends of femur
name the cell from which all blood cells derive?
why must blood cell turn over be high?
- Haematopoietics stem cell
- in order to maintain homeostasis
what needs to happen to a stem cell to make blood?
Proliferation + Differentiation
describe the quiescent state of stem cells?
basically means they are dormant
-Describe the stages of Erythropoiesis in terms of cell names?
at what stage does the RBC leave the bone marrow?
-what’s the pattern of size change here?
-what main features differentiate mature RBCs from immature RBCs?
Pronormoblast Basophilic/early normoblast Polychromatophilic/intermediate normoblast Orthochromatic/late normoblast ------------------------------leaves BM Reticulocyte Mature red cell (erythrocyte)
-gets smaller with maturation
-Have no nucleus
RNA degrades after it leaves BM making it smaller and paler
give a basic overview of what the following cells do:
- RBCs
- platelets
- White cells
- carry O2, other roles e.g. buffer
- stop bleeding
-fight infection
cancer prevention
give the 3 types of granulocytes?
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils
Neutrophils
- Structure& stain? (2)
- Functions?(5)
-segmented nucleus
Neutral staining granules
-short life in circulation (transit to tissues)
Phagocytose invaders
kill with granule content and die in the process
Attract other cells
Inc by body stress e.g. infection/trauma
Eosinophils
- structure & stain (2)
- Function (2)
- elevated in what?
-bi-lobed
Bright orange/red granules
- fight parasitic infections
- involved in hypersensitivity (allergic reactions)
-often elevated in patients with allergies
Basophils
- structure? (2)
- Function ?(5)
-infrequent in circulation
large deep purple granules obscuring nucleus
-Circulating version of tissue mast cell
mediates hypersensitivity reactions
FcReceptors bind IgE
Granules contain histamine
Monocyte
- structure & staining? (2)
- Function (4)
-large single nucleus
faintly staining granules, often vacuolated
-circulate for a week then enter tissues to become macrophages
Phagocytose invaders to kill them and then present antigens to lymphocytes
attract other cells
live longer than neutrophils
Lymphocytes
- structure (two forms)? (2)
- Function? (3)
-mature= small with condensed nucleus and rim of cytoplasm
Activated (often called atypical)= large with plentiful blue cytoplasm extending round neighbouring red cells on film, nucleus more open
-B, T and NK subtypes cognate response to infection B cells-secrete antibodies T cells- helper and Killer T cells, killer are cytotoxic NK cells- also cytotoxic
How do you recognise more primitive precursor cells?
Immunophenotyping
expression profile of proteins (antigens) on the surface of cells
Bio-assays
culture in vitro and show lineage of progeny in different growth conditions
