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NMSK > Introduction to Fractues > Flashcards

Introduction to Fractues Flashcards

1
Q

What is a fracture

A

Loss of continuity of the substance of a bone

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2
Q

Fracture classifications - Skin Damage (2)

A
  • Open aka Compound where the skin is broken and risk of infection and blood loos
  • Closed aka simple where the skin is intact and less risk of infection and bleeding is internal
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3
Q

Fracture classifications- Displacement

A
  • Undisplaced is when bond ends still in apposition
  • Displaced is earn bone ends do not meet
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4
Q

SEE one note for detailed photos of fractures

A

one note

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5
Q

Causes of fracture (3)

A
  • Sudden injury
    -Fatigue aka repeated stress
  • Pathological where there is abnormal of disease bone
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6
Q

What is direct violence trauma

A

Stresses exceed limit of strength of bone
example fall on ground or hit by moving object

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7
Q

What is indirect violence trauma

A

Twisting or bending stress
Example ankle fracture in sports

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8
Q

Fatigue/stress fracture definition and examination

A

Repeated minor stresses rather than one specific incident and pain increases with activity

Examination would be localised bony tenderness/swelling and unable to WB

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9
Q

Pathological

A

Fracture occurs in bone weakened by disease
Tumours or a bone disease
Fracture occurs with trivial trauma or spontaneously

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10
Q

Name the 5 fracture healing stages

A

1.Haematoma
2. Subperiosteal & endosteal cellular proliferation
3. Callus
4. Consolidation
5.Remodelling

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11
Q

STAGE 1

A

Tissue damage and bleeding
Haematoma between or around fracture segment s

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12
Q

Stage 2

A

–
Inflammatory cells appear in haematoma
– periosteum
Proliferation of cells deep surface of periosteum
Collar’ of active tissue around fragments
Blood clot ‘pushed aside’
Cellular activity medullary canal

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13
Q

Stage 3

A

– – – – – – –
Maturation cellular tissue
Osteoblast & osteoclast activity I
ntracellular matrix laid down
Removal of dead bone
‘Woven bone’ - callus
Palpable as hard mass
Visible on X Rays

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14
Q

Stage 4

A

woven bone replaced by cortical bone
solid union

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15
Q

stage 5

A

Newly fired bone remodelled to resemble normal bone
Bone strengthened along lines of stress

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16
Q

Whta is malunion

A

bone has united soundly but in wrong position

17
Q

What is non union

A

Bones ends do not unite and remain separate
May require bone grafting and internal fixation

18
Q

What is delayed union

A

Takes longer to unite than normal but eventually does so

19
Q

9 factors influencing healing

A

Type of bone 
Type of fracture 
Mobility at fracture  site
Blood supply
Separation of bone ends
Age
Infection
General health
Nutrition

20
Q

3 principle of fracture management

A

Obtain sound bone union without deformity
restore funciton
without rest of complications

21
Q

What is the 1st stage of fracture management

A
  • Reduction - apposition and alignment of bone fragment

2 types
Closed reduction for minimally displaced fracture and immobilised in splint/cast

Open reduction require surgery for displaced fracture

22
Q

What is the 2nd stage of FM

A

Immobilisation to hold bones in correct reduced position

Non rigid/rigid / traction

23
Q

What is external fixation during immobilisation and why?

A

Bony fragments held with external device and pins

Why? - severe soft tissue damage, nerve or blood vessel damage . for pelvic fracture or infected fractures

24
Q

What is ORIF AND ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

A

ORIF - open reduction internal fixation eg pins screws wiring, nails

Advantages - good union and early mobilisation
Disadvantages - risk of infection and additional trauma

25
Q

Role of Physiotherapy - Inpatient

A

Swelling management
Gentle exercise to maintain
Gait education/aids
Safety
Education/Advice
D/C planning for home

26
Q

Role of physiotherapy - outpatient

A

Once fracture healed or cast removed
Exercise e.g.  ROM
 Strengthening
Pain Management
Manual therapy as indicated
Aim to return to function

27
Q

Immobilisation precautions 5

A
  • wound care
  • nerve compression
  • compression of blood vessels
    -Hygiene
  • at risk pressure areas

NMSK (6 decks)

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