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A BIO106 - EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY > Introduction to Evolution > Flashcards

Introduction to Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is Evolution?

A
  • the increase in fitness over time due to natural selection, or adaptation
  • the accumulation of mutations, which alter fitness over time
  • the change in allele frequencies (or the heritable expression of those alleles) in a population across generations
  • the progression into more complex forms of life
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2
Q

What is Evolution?
Change in _____ of genetically different individuals at each generation

A

proportion

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3
Q

What is Evolution?
Acts by _____ individuals from the population, or by allowing some to ____ __ ____

A
  • removing
  • leave more offspring
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4
Q

What is Evolution?
By _____, we are referring to a group of _____ individuals and their _____ (in the case of sexual species)

A
  • population
  • interbreeding
  • offspring
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5
Q

5 Major Mechanisms of Evolution

A
  1. Genetic Drift
  2. Mutation
  3. Epigenetic Inheritance
  4. Migration (Emigration & Immigration)
  5. Natural Selection
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6
Q

Totally random changes in allele frequency from generation to generation

A

Genetic Drift

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7
Q

Changes in the genetic code, such as errors in DNA replication, gene deletions or duplications, etc…

A

Mutation

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8
Q

Heritable changes that are not due to changes in DNA sequence itself, but the expression of the DNA

A

Epigenetic Inheritance

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9
Q

Alleles moving from one population to another

A

Migration

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10
Q
  • when some alleles favored over others due to an increase in fitness (not random)
  • acts on genetic variation in the population
  • survival of the fittest
A

Natural Selection

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11
Q

Natural Selection acts on _____ or _______ variation in a population

A

genetic or epigenetic

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12
Q

Sources of Genetic Variation

A
  • Mutation
  • Epigenetic Inheritance
  • Genetic Drift
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13
Q

Sources of Genetic Variation:
Mutation

A

generates genetic variation

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14
Q

Sources of Genetic Variation:
Epigenetic Inheritance

A

changes expression of genes

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15
Q

Sources of Genetic Variation:
Genetic Drift

A

reduces genetic variation

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16
Q

Without ____ or _____ variation, Natural Selection ____ occur

A
  • genetic or epigenetic
  • cannot
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17
Q

What are the other Aspects of Biology that Evolutionary Concepts Permeate?

A
  1. Biotechnology
  2. Agriculture
  3. Medicine
  4. Conservation
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18
Q

In Agriculture, most of your food is a product of ____ ____ ____, or ____ ____ ____

A
  • intense artificial selection
  • human induced evolution
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19
Q

It is an emergent evolutionary changes either on heritable traits or on their genetic and epigenetic basis as responses to direct or indirect pressures imposed by human activities

A

Human-induced Evolution

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20
Q

Modified Wild Cabbage:
Selection for Terminal buds

A

Cabbage

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21
Q

Modified Wild Cabbage:
Selection for Lateral buds

A

Brussels sprouts

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22
Q

Modified Wild Cabbage:
Selection for Stem

A

Kohlrabi

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23
Q

Modified Wild Cabbage:
Selection for Leaves

A

Kale

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24
Q

Modified Wild Cabbage:
Selection for Stems and Flowers

A

Broccoli

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25
Modified Wild Cabbage: Selection for Flower clusters
Cauliflower
26
- it is the fastest evolving organism on Earth - infects macrophages, T-cells
HIV
27
____ is among the most deadly epidemics in Human History
AIDS
28
HIV has the ____ ____ ___ of any virus or organism observed to date
fastest mutation rate
29
HIV _____ more rapidly than humans, and more quickly than the ability of humans to ___ __ ___
- evolves - produce new drugs
30
HIV is a _____ with two single strand RNA genomes
Retrovirus
31
What is retrovirus?
Reverse
32
Uses the enzyme ____ ____ to replicate RNA to DNA
Reverse Transcriptase
33
Reverse Transcriptase is used to _____
replicate RNA to DNA
34
HIV attacks host ____ ____: infects ______ and ____ ____
- immune system - macrophages and helper T-cells
35
How might HIV Evolve?
1. Drugs impose Selection on HIV 2. Transmission Rate imposes Selection on HIV 3. Host immune system also imposes selection on the virus HIV
36
Drugs impose Selection on HIV:
evolution of drug resistance
37
Transmission Rate imposes Selection on HIV:
evolution of virulence
38
Example of an HIV drug
AZT (Azidothymidine)
39
AZT (Azidothymidine) is a ____ ____ which ____ reverse transcription and ____ viral replication
- thymidine mimic - stops - impedes
40
Why does AZT work initially but fail in the long run?
1. Fast Mutation Rate 2. Natural Selection 3. Tradeoff
41
FAST MUTATION RATE: ____ of ____ arise, including in the viral reverse transcriptase gene → genetic variation
Lots of Mutations
42
NATURAL SELECTION favors ____ ____ enzyme mutant that can recognize ___ and not use it
- reverse transcriptase - AZT
43
The careful reverse transcriptase enzyme is ___, but the virus is now ______ to AZT
- slow - resistant
44
_____ between ___ & ___ vs. ___ & ___ enzyme
- Tradeoff - fast & sloppy - slow & careful
45
Need to keep host alive long enough to get passed on to the next host
Selection on Virulence of HIV
46
Selection on Virulence: High Transmission rate
High Virulence
47
Selection on Virulence: Low Transmission Rate
Low Virulence
48
High Transmission rate : High Virulence
- Can grow fast and jump to the next host - ok if host dies - the genetic strain that grows faster will win
49
Low Transmission Rate : Low Virulence
- More virulent strains would die with the host and get selected out - less virulent strain that does not kill the host will win
50
High Transmission Rate
Natural selection will favor the MORE virulent strain
51
Low Transmission Rate
Natural selection will favor the LESS virulent strain
52
Combating HIV
- Must lower transmission rate of HIV so that less fatal strains evolve - Must understand evolutionary properties of a disease
53
Evolutionary properties of a disease
- Evolutionary history - Mutation rate - Selective Forces - Evolutionary Tradeoffs
54
Evolutionary Tradeoffs: Evolution in response to drug AZT
slow & accurate vs. fast & sloppy replication
55
Evolutionary Tradeoffs: Evolution in response to transmission rate
slow growing & less virulent (keep host alive) vs. fast growing & more virulent
56
Evolution in Host-Parasite System SELECTION ON THE HOST (Humans)
- Some humans have resistance to some HIV strains - Proportion of people with resistant alleles is increasing in some populations
57
What would happen when AZT therapy stops?
- Back mutations that restore the Amino Acid sequence to the original state are then favored by selection so that reverse transcription could speed up again
58
____ & ____ are favored – because fast replicating mutants would ____ the slower
- fast & sloppy - outgrow
59
What is Evolution? Leading to an ____ change in characteristics of populations over time
average
60
Change in allele frequency
genetic composition
61
Heritable change in the expression of those alleles
epigenetic inheritance

A BIO106 - EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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