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A BIO106 - EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY > Introduction to Evolution > Flashcards

Introduction to Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Evolution?

A
  • the increase in fitness over time due to natural selection, or adaptation
  • the accumulation of mutations, which alter fitness over time
  • the change in allele frequencies (or the heritable expression of those alleles) in a population across generations
  • the progression into more complex forms of life
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2
Q

What is Evolution?
Change in _____ of genetically different individuals at each generation

A

proportion

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3
Q

What is Evolution?
Acts by _____ individuals from the population, or by allowing some to ____ __ ____

A
  • removing
  • leave more offspring
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4
Q

What is Evolution?
By _____, we are referring to a group of _____ individuals and their _____ (in the case of sexual species)

A
  • population
  • interbreeding
  • offspring
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5
Q

5 Major Mechanisms of Evolution

A
  1. Genetic Drift
  2. Mutation
  3. Epigenetic Inheritance
  4. Migration (Emigration & Immigration)
  5. Natural Selection
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6
Q

Totally random changes in allele frequency from generation to generation

A

Genetic Drift

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7
Q

Changes in the genetic code, such as errors in DNA replication, gene deletions or duplications, etc…

A

Mutation

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8
Q

Heritable changes that are not due to changes in DNA sequence itself, but the expression of the DNA

A

Epigenetic Inheritance

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9
Q

Alleles moving from one population to another

A

Migration

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10
Q
  • when some alleles favored over others due to an increase in fitness (not random)
  • acts on genetic variation in the population
  • survival of the fittest
A

Natural Selection

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11
Q

Natural Selection acts on _____ or _______ variation in a population

A

genetic or epigenetic

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12
Q

Sources of Genetic Variation

A
  • Mutation
  • Epigenetic Inheritance
  • Genetic Drift
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13
Q

Sources of Genetic Variation:
Mutation

A

generates genetic variation

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14
Q

Sources of Genetic Variation:
Epigenetic Inheritance

A

changes expression of genes

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15
Q

Sources of Genetic Variation:
Genetic Drift

A

reduces genetic variation

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16
Q

Without ____ or _____ variation, Natural Selection ____ occur

A
  • genetic or epigenetic
  • cannot
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17
Q

What are the other Aspects of Biology that Evolutionary Concepts Permeate?

A
  1. Biotechnology
  2. Agriculture
  3. Medicine
  4. Conservation
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18
Q

In Agriculture, most of your food is a product of ____ ____ ____, or ____ ____ ____

A
  • intense artificial selection
  • human induced evolution
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19
Q

It is an emergent evolutionary changes either on heritable traits or on their genetic and epigenetic basis as responses to direct or indirect pressures imposed by human activities

A

Human-induced Evolution

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20
Q

Modified Wild Cabbage:
Selection for Terminal buds

A

Cabbage

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21
Q

Modified Wild Cabbage:
Selection for Lateral buds

A

Brussels sprouts

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22
Q

Modified Wild Cabbage:
Selection for Stem

A

Kohlrabi

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23
Q

Modified Wild Cabbage:
Selection for Leaves

A

Kale

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24
Q

Modified Wild Cabbage:
Selection for Stems and Flowers

A

Broccoli

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25
Q

Modified Wild Cabbage:
Selection for Flower clusters

A

Cauliflower

26
Q
  • it is the fastest evolving organism on Earth
  • infects macrophages, T-cells
A

HIV

27
Q

____ is among the most deadly epidemics in Human History

A

AIDS

28
Q

HIV has the ____ ____ ___ of any virus or organism observed to date

A

fastest mutation rate

29
Q

HIV _____ more rapidly than humans, and more quickly than the ability of humans to ___ __ ___

A
  • evolves
  • produce new drugs
30
Q

HIV is a _____ with two single
strand RNA genomes

A

Retrovirus

31
Q

What is retrovirus?

A

Reverse

32
Q

Uses the enzyme ____ ____ to replicate RNA to DNA

A

Reverse Transcriptase

33
Q

Reverse Transcriptase is used to _____

A

replicate RNA to DNA

34
Q

HIV attacks host ____ ____: infects ______ and ____ ____

A
  • immune system
  • macrophages and helper T-cells
35
Q

How might HIV Evolve?

A
  1. Drugs impose Selection on HIV
  2. Transmission Rate imposes Selection on HIV
  3. Host immune system also imposes selection on the virus HIV
36
Q

Drugs impose Selection on HIV:

A

evolution of drug resistance

37
Q

Transmission Rate imposes Selection on HIV:

A

evolution of virulence

38
Q

Example of an HIV drug

A

AZT (Azidothymidine)

39
Q

AZT (Azidothymidine) is a ____ ____ which ____ reverse transcription and ____ viral replication

A
  • thymidine mimic
  • stops
  • impedes
40
Q

Why does AZT work initially but fail in the long run?

A
  1. Fast Mutation Rate
  2. Natural Selection
  3. Tradeoff
41
Q

FAST MUTATION RATE:
____ of ____ arise, including in the viral reverse transcriptase gene → genetic variation

A

Lots of Mutations

42
Q

NATURAL SELECTION favors ____ ____ enzyme mutant that can recognize ___ and not use it

A
  • reverse transcriptase
  • AZT
43
Q

The careful reverse transcriptase enzyme is ___, but the virus is now ______ to AZT

A
  • slow
  • resistant
44
Q

_____ between ___ & ___ vs. ___ & ___ enzyme

A
  • Tradeoff
  • fast & sloppy
  • slow & careful
45
Q

Need to keep host alive long enough to get passed on to the next host

A

Selection on Virulence of HIV

46
Q

Selection on Virulence:
High Transmission rate

A

High Virulence

47
Q

Selection on Virulence:
Low Transmission Rate

A

Low Virulence

48
Q

High Transmission rate : High Virulence

A
  • Can grow fast and jump to the next host
  • ok if host dies
  • the genetic strain that grows faster will win
49
Q

Low Transmission Rate : Low Virulence

A
  • More virulent strains would die with the host and get selected out
  • less virulent strain that does not kill the host will win
50
Q

High Transmission Rate

A

Natural selection will favor the MORE virulent strain

51
Q

Low Transmission Rate

A

Natural selection will favor the LESS virulent strain

52
Q

Combating HIV

A
  • Must lower transmission rate of HIV so that less fatal strains evolve
  • Must understand evolutionary properties of a disease
53
Q

Evolutionary properties of a disease

A
  • Evolutionary history
  • Mutation rate
  • Selective Forces
  • Evolutionary Tradeoffs
54
Q

Evolutionary Tradeoffs:
Evolution in response to drug AZT

A

slow & accurate vs. fast & sloppy replication

55
Q

Evolutionary Tradeoffs:
Evolution in response to transmission rate

A

slow growing & less virulent (keep host alive) vs. fast growing & more virulent

56
Q

Evolution in Host-Parasite System
SELECTION ON THE HOST (Humans)

A
  • Some humans have resistance to some HIV strains
  • Proportion of people with resistant alleles is increasing in some populations
57
Q

What would happen when AZT therapy stops?

A
  • Back mutations that restore the Amino Acid sequence to the original state are then favored by selection so that reverse transcription could speed up again
58
Q

____ & ____ are favored – because fast replicating mutants would ____ the slower

A
  • fast & sloppy
  • outgrow
59
Q

What is Evolution?
Leading to an ____ change in characteristics of populations over time

A

average

60
Q

Change in allele frequency

A

genetic composition

61
Q

Heritable change in the expression of those alleles

A

epigenetic inheritance

A BIO106 - EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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