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DM and Endocrine: Physiology > Introduction to Endocrine > Flashcards

Introduction to Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are paracrine chemicals?

A

Act local to the sit of synthesis e.g. histamine

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2
Q

What are autocrine chemicals?

A

Act on the same cell they are synthesized in

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3
Q

What are exocrine chemicals?

A

Released from an exocrine gland via ducts to the external environment

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4
Q

What is a peptide hormone composed of?

A

Amino acid chains

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5
Q

What is the name of the initial peptide hormone produced by the ribosomes?

A

Preprohormone

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6
Q

What is the inactive fragment of insulin called?

A

C-peptide

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7
Q

How many times higher are C-peptide levels in the blood/urine than insulin?

A

x5 (insulin metabolized faster)

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8
Q

How do most peptide hormones create a response when they bind to a receptor?

A

Modulate the GPCR or tyrosine kinase linked signalling pathways

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9
Q

What are peptide hormones properties in relation to water/ lipids?

A

Hydrophillic/lipophobic

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10
Q

Which will elicit a faster response if activated: GPCR or Tyrosine kinase linked receptor?

A

GPCR

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11
Q

What are the stages of peptide hormone synthesis and storage?

A

Amino acids - preprohormone - prohormone (packaged into vesicle) - hormones

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12
Q

What are all steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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13
Q

How are steroid hormones carried in the blood and why?

A

By carrier proteins due to being hydrophobic

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14
Q

Why is the half life of steroid hormones longer than peptide hormones?

A

They are protected from enzymatic degradation by carrier proteins in the blood

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15
Q

Where in the body are steroid hormones produced?

A

Gonads (androgens)
Placenta
Kidney (vitamin D3)
Adrenal cortex (corticosteroids)

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16
Q

Where are the receptors for steroid hormones?

A

Inside the cell (cytoplasmic or nuclear)

17
Q

What is the general effect of a steroid hormone in the cell?

A

Activate or repress gene

18
Q

What amino acid are most amine hormones derived from?

A

Tyrosine

19
Q

What is the only amine hormone derived from trytophan?

A

Melatonin

20
Q

How do we calculate total plasma hormone concentration?

A

Free hormone + complexed hormone

21
Q

What can be downregulated to influence target cells response to hormones?

A

Hormone receptors

22
Q

What effect will prolonged exposure to low hormone plasma have on cell receptors?

A

Leads to up-regulation of hormone receptors

23
Q

What is a permissive effect?

A

When one hormone enhances the effect of another

24
Q

What effect does thyroid hormone have on epinephrine?

A

Increases lipolytic effect of epinephrine (TH increases number of epinephrine receptors on adipocytes)

DM and Endocrine: Physiology (5 decks)

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