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Anatomy Block 1 > Introduction to Embryology: Fertilization, Implantation and Formation of Bilaminar Embryo > Flashcards

Introduction to Embryology: Fertilization, Implantation and Formation of Bilaminar Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major stages of embryonic development?

A

1) ) Pre-0implantation
2) Embryonic period
3) Fetal period

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2
Q

What weeks are considered the embryonic period?

A

wks 2-8

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3
Q

What weeks are considered the fetal period?

A

wks 9-38

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4
Q

Which period is the most dramatic one where the basic body plan is laid down?

A

Embryonic period

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5
Q

What occurs during the fetal period?

A

morphogenesis- generation of form & organogenesis- generation of organs

–>Massive increase in size and weight, rotation of limbs, ossification of bones, proportion of body and differention of external genitalia

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6
Q

What is Teratology?

A

the study of abnormal development of embryos and the causes of congenital malformations

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7
Q

T/F: 2/3 of major malformation end up spontaneously aborted

A

True

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8
Q

What are factors that cause developmental malformations?

A

Genetic, Environmental and Multifactoral

~50% are multifactoral or unknown

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9
Q

T/F: most abnormalities occur in children of normal parents with no known risk factors?

A

True

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10
Q

Describe the concept of the critical period in embryogenesis?

A

WKS 4-6
The critical period for a particular organ or structure is when cell division in that structure is most rapid and therefore when the structure will be most sensitive to the action of teratogens

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11
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur?

A

in the ampulla of fallopian tube

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12
Q

Describe the pathway of the oocyte as it leaves the ovary?

A 
oocytes are ovulated from ovary
enter fimbria
fertilize in ampulla
differentiate into a blastocyst
implant in endometrium
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13
Q

What is the layer around the oocyte that is Acellular and used for protection against polysperm?

A

Zona pellucida

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14
Q

What is the area around the zona pellucida that is made of follicle cells and provides protection, nutrition and sperm maturation?

A

corona radiata

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15
Q

Describe the zona reaction

A

once the cells penetrates the zona pellucid –> the zona converts from gel like to leathery and prevents additional fertilization

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16
Q

T/F: Polyspermy is lethal.

A

True

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17
Q

A fertilized diploid individual cell is called?

A

Zygote

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18
Q

A zygote starts to divide (8x) and there is symmetric cleaving which form a?

A

Morula

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19
Q

Is the zona still intact in the morula stage?

A

YES!

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20
Q

Is there growth in the morula stage?

A

NO!

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21
Q

When the zona breaks down and fluid rushes into spread the cells apart, it forms the?

A

Blastocele

22
Q

The blastocyst continues to grow and the outer cell layer is called the trophoblast, which gives rise to?

A

Placenta

23
Q

The cells that accumulate towards the dorsal part of the Blastocyst form the inner cell mass which gives rise to?

A

Embryo

24
Q

What is meant by conceptus?

A

everything that arises from the zygote

25
Q

The trophoblasts comes in contact with the endometrium, nutrients influx into the trophoblast and the cell fuses with the endometrium forming?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

26
Q

Examples of errors in implantation:

A

1) Placenta Previa: if fertilized near os and placenta overlaps os
2) Extrauterine (ectopic) implantation

27
Q

The single layer of cells that surround the blastocyst cavity and inner cell mass is called?

A

Cytotrophoblast

28
Q

The inner cell mass cells differentiate into two layers called:

A

Hypoblast and Epiblast

29
Q

The Epiblast cells cavitate to form?

A

amniotic cavity

30
Q

The hypoblast cells cavitate to form?

A

primitive yolk sac

31
Q

The layer of epiblast and hypoblast cells is called?

A

the embryonic disc

32
Q

Is the zona still intact in the morula stage?

A

YES!

33
Q

Is there growth in the morula stage?

A

NO!

34
Q

When the zona breaks down and fluid rushes into spread the cells apart, it forms the?

A

Blastocele

35
Q

The blastocyst continues to grow and the outer cell layer is called the trophoblast, which gives rise to?

A

Placenta

36
Q

The cells that accumulate towards the dorsal part of the Blastocyst form the inner cell mass which gives rise to?

A

Embryo

37
Q

What is meant by conceptus?

A

everything that arises from the zygote

38
Q

The trophoblasts comes in contact with the endometrium, nutrients influx into the trophoblast and the cell fuses with the endometrium forming?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

39
Q

Examples of errors in implantation:

A

1) Placenta Previa: if fertilized near os and placenta overlaps os
2) Extrauterine (ectopic) implantation

40
Q

The single layer of cells that surround the blastocyst cavity and inner cell mass is called?

A

Cytotrophoblast

41
Q

The inner cell mass cells differentiate into two layers called:

A

Hypoblast and Epiblast

42
Q

The Epiblast cells cavitate to form?

A

amniotic cavity

43
Q

The hypoblast cells cavitate to form?

A

primitive yolk sac

44
Q

The layer of epiblast and hypoblast cells is called?

A

the embryonic disc

45
Q

the layer between the hypoblast/epiblast and cytotrophoblast is called the?

A

EEM (Extraembryonic Mesoderm) - we do not know how this comes about- it just does!

46
Q

EEM forms cavities- to form the?

A

chorionic cavity

47
Q

the secondary yolk sac is lined by:

A

hypoblast cells

48
Q

the collecting stalk gives rise to the?

A

umbilicus

49
Q

Once the EEM thickens up and cavitates, it forms the chorion cavity, what is the purpose of this cavity?

A

Chorionic cavity is used as shock suspension and allows growth and development

50
Q

True/False: The development of the chorionic cavity forms first first axis of polarity.

A

True

Anatomy Block 1 (6 decks)

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