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Disease & Defense - Unit 3 > Introduction to Dermatology > Flashcards

Introduction to Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skin (7) and structure/cells involved

A
  1. Decoration=skin, hair, nails, lips
  2. Barrier
    • physical=epidermis: keratinocytes
    • light=epidermis: melanocytes
    • immunologic=epidermis: langerhans cells
  3. Vitamin D synthesis=epidermis: keratinocytes
  4. Water homeostasis=epidermis: keratinocytes & Adnexa: eccrine glands
  5. Thermoregulation=adnexa: eccrine glands & dermis: blood vessels
  6. Insulation/Calorie Reservoir=subcutaneous fat
  7. Touch/sensation=dermis: nerves
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2
Q

Structure/Cells involved in: 1. grasp 2. lubrication of skin 3. pheromones/body odor

A
  1. grasp=adnexa: nails
  2. lubrication=adnexa: sebaceous glands
  3. pheromones/body odor=adnexa: apocrine glands
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3
Q

Structure/cells involved in strength and elasticity of skin

A

-dermis: fibroblast –> produces collagen and elastin

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4
Q

Characteristics of Fitzpatrick Skin Type I: Hair, Eyes, Skin, Freckles, Sunburn, Tan

A
  • Hair: red/blond
  • Eyes: blue/green
  • Skin: white
  • Freckles: +++
  • Sunburn: always
  • Tan: 0
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5
Q

Characteristics of Fitzpatrick Skin Type II: Hair, Eyes, Skin, Freckles, Sunburn, Tan

A
  • Hair: blond/brown
  • Eyes: light to Medium
  • Skin: fair
  • Freckles: ++
  • Sunburn: easily
  • Tan: minimally
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6
Q

Characteristics of Fitzpatrick Skin Type III: Hair, Eyes, Skin, Freckles, Sunburn, Tan

A
  • Hair: brown
  • Eyes: medium to dark
  • Skin: light
  • Freckles: +
  • Sunburn: initially
  • Tan: gradually
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7
Q

Characteristics of Fitzpatrick Skin Type IV: Hair, Eyes, Skin, Freckles, Sunburn, Tan

A
  • Hair: medium to dark
  • Eyes: dark
  • Skin: moderate brown
  • Freckles: 0
  • Sunburn: minimally
  • Tan: tans well
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8
Q

Characteristics of Fitzpatrick Skin Type V: Hair, Eyes, Skin, Freckles, Sunburn, Tan

A
  • Hair: dark
  • Eyes: dark
  • Skin: dark brown
  • Freckles: 0
  • Sunburn: rarely
  • Tan: dark tan
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9
Q

Characteristics of Fitzpatrick Skin Type VI: Hair, Eyes, Skin, Freckles, Sunburn, Tan

A
  • Hair: dark
  • Eyes: dark
  • Skin: black
  • Freckles: 0
  • Sunburn: never
  • Tan: always tan
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10
Q

Major components of the skin (4)

A
  1. Epidermis=stratified squamous epithelial layer
  2. Dermis= underlying connective tissue layer= papillary layer (loose connective tissue) + deeper reticular layer (dense connective tissue)
  3. Adnexal structures: Apocrine glands, Eccrine glands, hair, nails, Sebaceous glands
  4. Subcutaneous fat=adipocytes
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11
Q

Characteristics of thick skin

A
  • hairless

- found @ palms and soles of feet

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12
Q

Layers of epidermis (superficial –> deep)

A
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidum (thick skin only)
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • basal layer
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13
Q

Characteristics of keratinocytes

A
  • form barrier layer
  • synthesize keratin –> intracellular fibrous protein
  • defined cycle of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis
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14
Q

Characteristics of melanocytes

A
  • pigment-producing cells (melanin <– tyrosine)
  • located @ basal layer of epidermis, hair follicles
  • melanin packaged in granules (melanosomes) and transfered to ~30 neighboring keratinocytes via dendritic processes
  • melanin protects DNA from UV damage
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15
Q

Characteristics of Langerhans cells

A
  • small amounts present in all epidermal layers
  • dendritic cells in epidermis
  • cell-mediated immune reaction participation through processing and presentation of antigens
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16
Q

Main factors determining skin color variation

A
  1. type of melanin produced
    -eumelanin=black to brown pigment
    -pheomelanin=yellow to red-brown pigment
  2. distribution of melanosomes
    -light skin=melanosomes in clusters above
    nucleus
    -dark skin=melanosomes distributed individually
    throughout the cytoplasm
17
Q

General life cycle of keratinocytes

A
  • epidermis continually renewed by mitosis of keratinocytes in basal layer and shedding @ surface
  • entire cycle=28 days
18
Q

Basal cell layer (stratum basalis) characteristics

A
  • deepest layer of epidermis
  • single layer of columnar or cuboidal cells (keratinocytes)
  • basal keratinocytes=stem cells of epidermis
19
Q

Important keratinocyte cell attachments (3)

A
  • hemidesmosomes: attach basal cells to basal lamina
  • desmosomes: attach keratinocytes to each other
  • tonofilaments: keratin filaments that insert into dense plaques of desmosomes on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane
20
Q

Stratum spinosum characteristics

A
  • layer just superficial to basal layer
  • “prickly” apperance b/c desmosome attachments
  • intercellular adhesion dependent on tonofilament-desmosome interactions
  • synthesis of involucrin and membrane-coating granules begins here
21
Q

Stratum granulosum characteristics

A
  • cells contain granules
  • Keratohyalin granules contain Profilaggrin (filaggrin precursor).
  • Filaggrin cross-links keratin tonofilaments and is important in the barrier function of the skin.
22
Q

Stratum lucidum characteristics

A
  • thin, light staining band seen only in thick skin

- cells have no nuclei or organelles

23
Q

Stratum corneum characteristics

A
  • outermost layer of epidermis
  • keratinocytes have lost nuclei and organeles
  • entire cell filled w/keratin
  • desmosomes still connect tightly packed adjacent cells
24
Q

Papillary layer characteristics

A
  • superficial layer of dermis
  • attaches to epidermis
  • contains capillary network that is blood supply for epidermis
  • pathway for defense cells
  • contains Messner’s corpuscles which sense touch
25
Q

Reticular layer characteristics

A
  • deeper layer of dermis
  • extensive collagen/elastin fibers –> strength and flexibility
  • houses epidermal derivatives (glands, hairs) and plays role in their development and fxn
  • pathway for bvs that facilitate thermoregulation
  • site of nerve tracts and major sensory receptors
  • pacinian corpuscles sense vibration, pressure, and touch
26
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles characteristics

A
  • detect delicate touch
  • found in the dermal papillae of thick skin
  • consist of Schwann cells and sensory nerve terminals wrapped by fibroblasts and collagen
27
Q

Pacinian copuscles

A
  • receptors that detect changes in deep pressure (vibrations)
  • found in the dermis of both thin and thick skin
  • large structures resembling an onion
  • the concentric layers are composed of flattened connective tissue-like cells interspersed with intercellular fluid and collagen
  • a single sensory nerve fibers terminates within this structure
28
Q

Apocrine sweat gland characteristics

A
  • specialized sweat glands located in the axillary, pubic and perianal regions
  • produce a milky, viscid, carbohydrate-rich secretion that is initially odorless
  • bacterial action on secretions leads to a characteristic axillary body odor
  • begin to function in puberty
  • have ducts which empty into hair follicles just above sebaceous glands
29
Q

Eccrine sweat gland characteristics

A
  • Traditional sweat glands distributed over most of the body
  • Not found in the lips, under the nails or on the glans penis, glans clitoris, or labia minora
  • Watery, enzyme-rich secretion, initially isotonic, becomes hypotonic as Na+ is reabsorbed by the ducts
  • Important for thermoregulation
30
Q

Hair characteristics

A
  • Develop in utero with downgrowth of the epidermis forming a pilosebaceous unit
  • The hair itself consists of a central medulla of soft keratin, and a cortex and cuticle of hard keratin.
  • Hair growth is intermittent
  • Pigment comes from melanocytes at the base of the hair
  • With contraction of the arrector pili muscle (smooth muscle), hairs stand on end (“goose bumps”)
31
Q

Sebaceous glands characteristics

A
  • Oil glands which secrete sebum=a complex mixture of lipids
  • develop along with hair follicles and empty their secretion into the upper one-third of hair follicles
  • development accelerated at puberty

Disease & Defense - Unit 3 (18 decks)

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