Benign and Malignant Skin Tumors Flashcards
What is the cell type of origin for each of the following skin growths?Hemangioma, Cherry angioma – Kaposi’s Sarcoma – Port Wine Stain - Sebaceous Gland – Sebaceous Hyperplasia – Nevus sebaceous- Acrochordon – Dermatofibroma - Seborrheic keratosis – Actinic keratosis – Basal cell carcinoma – Squamous cell carcinoma
Endothelial Cells:Hemangioma,Cherry angioma,Kaposi’s Sarcoma,Port Wine StainSebaceous Gland:Sebaceous Hyperplasia,Nevus sebaceousNot sure what cells lead toAcrochordonFibroblast:DermatofibromaKeratinocyte:Seborrheic keratosis,Actinic keratosis,Basal cell carcinoma,Squamous cell carcinoma
Which skin tumors are malignant or have malignant potential?
Kaposi’s Sarcoma, Actinic keratosis, Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma
Describe clinical features of infantile hemangiomas.
Infantile Hemangioma:Strawberry (capillary) hemangiomas. They appear by 2 months of age, with 1/3 present at birth. They grow rapidly over the first year of life, then they involute slowly at about 10% per year, so that 50% have resolved by age 5 and 90% have resolved by age 9.
Name a congenital vascular malformation?
Port wine stain
Understand how to differentiate/diagnose benign and malignant melanocytic tumors. Differentiate between nevi and melanoma
ABCD(E)Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variegation and Diameter greater than 6mm). Many people also look at E for evolution or change.A new tool used in diagnosing melanoma is looking for the “Ugly Duckling”, or the mole(s) that look different from their neighboring moles
Describe clinical features of different types of nevi and melanoma
The superficial spreading and nodular types of melanoma together account for approximately 80% of all melanomas. Both types occur most commonly in patients with lighter skin phenotypes, and may occur anywhere, but have a predilection for the upper back in men and women and the lower legs in women.Risk factors for developing these variants of melanoma include a family history of melanoma (with or without the presence of multiple dysplastic nevi), the presence of numerous common acquired nevi, and a history of blistering sunburns.The other subtypes of melanoma, lentigo malignamelanoma and acral lentiginous melanoma, are not correlated with intense, intermittent sun exposure.Lentigo maligna melanoma accounts for approximately 5% of all melanomas and is most commonly seen at sites of maximum sun exposure in patients with obvious photodamage, e.g., the face, hairless (bald”) scalp extensor forearms and upper trunk.Acral lentiginous melanomas comprise 3-8% of all melanomas and by definition arise on the volar skin of the palms or soles and the nailbeds. Acral lentiginous melanomas have no known correlation with sun exposure and are the most common form of melanoma in African-Americans and Hispanics.”
Recognize the risk factors for melanoma
Fair skin. A history of sunburn Excessive ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. Living closer to the equator or at a higher elevation. Having many moles or unusual moles. A family history of melanoma. Weakened immune system.
Know the difference in Breslow depth and Clark’s level used in staging of melanoma as important prognostic factors of melanoma
Breslow depth is the maximal thickness of tumor invasionClark level, describes how far a melanoma has penetrated into the skin instead of actually measuring it.The Breslow measurement of thickness is the most important factor in determining prognosis of melanoma
Understand the components of melanoma prevention
Limit Ultraviolet (UV) Exposure• Protect Your Skin With Clothing• Wear a Hat• Use Sunscreen• Wear Sunglasses• Seek Shade• Protect Children• Avoid Harmful Chemicals eg. arsenic
Recognize the risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer.
• Ultraviolet (UV) Light• Fair Skin• Gender: Men are 2 times as likely as women to have basal cell cancers and 3 times as likely to have squamous cell cancers of the skin.• Chemicals Exposure to large amounts of arsenic, industrial tar, coal, paraffin• Radiation• Having had a skin cancer• Phototherapy Psoralen and ultraviolet light treatments (PUVA)• Genetic Skin Diseases eg. Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome and Xeroderma pigmentosum• Immunosuppression• HPV Infection• Smoking: Smoking is a risk factor for squamous cell skin cancer, but not for basal cell cancer.
Understand the components of non-melanoma skin cancer prevention.
Limit Ultraviolet (UV) ExposureProtect Your Skin With Clothing• Wear a Hat• Use Sunscreen• Wear Sunglasses• Seek Shade• Protect Children• Avoid Other Sources of UV Light• Avoid Harmful Chemicals• HPV vaccine• Don’t smoke
Describe the clinical features of actinic keratosis.
Actinic keratosis (also known as solar keratosis) is a pre-cancerous problem caused by too much sun. It causes small, rough spots that may be pink-red or flesh-colored. They often appear on the face, ears, back of the hands, and arms of middle-aged or older people with fair skin.Actinic keratoses are slow growing. They do not usually cause any symptoms other than the papules on the skin. While they can turn into skin cancer, that does not happen very often.
Describe the clinical features of basal cell carcinoma.
Basal cell carcinomas often appear as flat, firm, pale areas or as small, raised, pink or red, translucent, shiny, waxy areas that may bleed after minor injury. You might see one or more abnormal blood vessels, a depressed area in the center, or blue, brown, or black areas. Large BCCs may have oozing or crusted spots. About 3 out of 4 skin cancers are basal cell carcinomas.They usually begin on areas exposed to the sun such as the head and neck. Basal cell carcinoma was once found mostly in middle-aged or older people. Basal cell carcinoma tends to grow slowly. It is very rare for a basal cell cancer to metastasize.After treatment, basal cell carcinoma can recur in the same place on the skin. Within 5 years of being diagnosed with basal cell cancer, 35% to 50% of people develop a new skin cancer.
Describe the clinical features of squamous cell carcinoma.
Squamous cell carcinoma may appear as growing lumps, often with a rough surface, or as flat, reddish patches that grow slowly. Both BCCs and SCCs may develop as a flat area showing only slight changes from normal skin.This type of cancer begins in the upper part of the epidermis and accounts for about 1 to 3 out of 10 skin cancers. SCCs also appear on sun exposed skin such as the face, ear, neck, lips, and backs of the hands. SCC can also begin within scars, skin ulcers or other areas of chronic injury.Squamous cell carcinomas are more likely to invade fatty tissues just beneath the skin. They are also slightly more likely to spread to lymph nodes or distant parts of the body than are basal cell carcinomas, although this is still not common. SCCs occur much more commonly in immunosuppressed patients, especially organ transplant patients.
What is this?What are its clinical features?
Cherry angioma• Distribution- primarily truncal• Typically multiple- up to many hundreds• Primary lesion 1-4 mm in size• bright red, smooth-topped papules• occasionally pedunculated
